US Space Program and Exploration

NASA initiatives are critical to finding solutions to environmental issues. Personally I think that adequate usage of space science will allow astrophysicists to explore the universe and promote conclusive research. Such studies will not only answer pertinent societal issues but will also lead to the advancement of the society. I believe that Space exploration is an Invaluable tool to the development of nature. On a personal point of view, space exploration adequate funding will assist in the advancing of cultures and societies. It is an issue that leads to individuals increasing heir Intent In the field of sciences and other fields.Despite the Issue having disputes, space exploration continues to receive substantial support from politicians and other individuals in the community. The world of today indicates that development In the field of science and technology will Improve the livelihood of societies. America is reducing its spending to NASA, which has the endorsement of overseei ng most of the exploration initiatives. This is not appropriate given that other countries are continuing Investigation and success will have the Intention of bettering the livelihood of their citizens.I think space is currently at a critical level and the United States should strengthen its research initiatives. Space exploration has been leading studies of other planets and their behaviors. There is a statement that usually illicit mixed reaction in the community. There are individuals that state that it is essential to resolve issues of earth before the examination of other planets. There are different politicians that induce similar sentiments during their campaigns and political rallies. In 2006, news anchor Katie Court in commemoration of Sputnik. Said that NASA request for $17 billion was unbelievable.According to her, this amount of money could find application In a myriad of activities right here on earth. Analyzing the situation she failed to realize that space exploration will protect the world from potential threats. I have a belief that studying the universe will provide solutions to potential pandemics facing earth. Such pandemics include climate change and solar flares. The current problem of space exploration is misunderstanding. Many individuals consider It as an extravagant way of spending American citizen tax money. Politicians recommend that funding to NASA should stop.They propose that the government does transfer such funds towards societal projects such as health promotion. Before toys basis. My assessment is that the current problems stem from the fact that, during that period, development of airplanes for space exploration was for status. Nowadays, the reason leading to space exploration is to understand various phenomena occurring in the outer space and affecting the earth. Such explorations will assist in to an understanding of such aspects and develop relevant precautionary measures. In addition, it is possible to conduct exploratio n of Mars for the possibility f supporting human life.Another problem that I foresee hindering the development of space exploration is reports by media houses. Many people do not oppose to space exploration, but it is due to their lack of adequate information. Media only reports once things go wrong with organizations supporting exploration of the outer space. The impression that people acquire from media is that there is no benefit culminating from space exploration but extravagant usage of taxpayers' money. Once individuals generate a perception concerning a something it is difficult to convince such people otherwise.It is difficult to pass the information that space exploration diverts resources of United States to initiatives that aim at solving earth problems. It is crucial for people to have the information that solutions to the current earth problems are in space so that they change their belief about space exploration. I think that solutions to these societal issues would re quire ensuring that citizens have adequate information that will allow them to make credible decisions. Many people believe that the government should divert NASA funding to societal programs.Looking at the 2007 budget directing NASA funding into social funding would mean increasing the later to $ 1. 597 trillion from $ 1. 581. I think it would be naive to think that a 0. 6% increment would have any significant impacts on society. On the other hand, cutting social spending by 1% would increase NASA spending by double. This would increase explorations in space that would provide solutions to a number of problems currently facing the world. Information acquisition can assist citizens to understand that exploring the outer space is not a waste of tax payer's money.In addition, space program leads to the improvement of the society by providing amicable solutions. Politicians should also support the program if it will survive. Many politicians choose not to take part in the debate about exploration of the outer space. Interestingly, politicians continue to downplay the role of space exploration by indicating that it is worthless. Solving the current societal belief that US space program is not essential, space exploration require adequate support from politicians. Advocate of the program should also quit playing defensive and instead embrace their importance.They should insist on the government that the space program require extra funding by having significant scientific research and conclusions. If space programs focus on solving societal problems, there will be a shift from many people dismissing the program to supporting it. Studying the outer space and basing their research on issues that will lead to solving issues is the solution. Studies should include activities such as reducing the effects of solar flares on communication or climate change will lead to its support. Space programs and explorations are indispensable to the society of today. It has and observ e all planets.This is through providing societies with adequate information regarding the outer space. In an example, research concerning Venus indicates that there is an alarming greenhouse effect. Currently, the world is grappling with the reality of deteriorating climate on earth. Studying the events leading to the current green house effects in Venus can assist in solving that problem. It would mean saving generations that would otherwise suffer if there is a lack of required information. If other countries explore and find such solutions it will mean that they will solve the problems of their country, which will advance such economies technologically.Observations made on planet mars indicate that it lacks water. There is no single river in Mars, which means that there were occurrences that lead to the disappearance of water in this planet. Governments would suffer embarrassment in the event of extinction of the world due to lack of proper exploration measures. US space programs are vital to societies of the earth if it will lead to the realization of solutions to problems affecting the world. It is a vital societal issue that require cautionary approach. On a personal point of view, United State government should increase funding of space programs.Failure to support this program will lead to its demise. Essential research will halt as a consequence of Space program failure. United States citizens will miss a pertinent opportunity to find solutions to their problems. I observe that space exploration program is crucial to the world of today. Discussions contained herein indicate that it lacks adequate information that leads to individuals' hostility against the program. Many have a belief that it is wastage of taxpayers' money. Research indicates that it is possible to solve certain societal issues using such programs.It is search realization that led countries such as India, Russia, and China to advance their technologies in this field. Observations of Ven us could result to solutions to green house effects and the climate change. Successful research of Mars could provide adequate information regarding its lack of water, which could be a future problem to earth. Such solutions are societal and would lead to the development of the society and communities of United States and the world at large. It is in accordance with this I believe that United States government should increase its spending on space exploration programs.

A Mutual Relationship

The issue of forming a mutual relationship between achieving organization strategic needs and the satisfaction of individual employee needs is gaining an increasing importance in today’s business world. It is believed that taking care of the needs and satisfaction of the individual employees is pivotal to achieving strategic goals and objectives of any organization.If an organization does not take great deal of care about the needs and wants of the employees, it won’t be able to be successful and viable for the long period of time.Though, from the short term perspective it may be expensive for the company to satisfy the needs of each individual employee and keep them happy, but in the long term such a company is bound to be more successful than the one which does not care about the needs of its staff. For instance, it must be ensured that the workplace conditions are adequate enough to provide satisfaction to the employees.Organizations that see the value of their emplo yees are prepared to bare the extra cost in return for the high performance by the employees at all levels. Where as, on the other hand, companies who do not value their employees a great deal suffer from a high employee turnover and lower performance levels. (Callaway.L.P). However, it must be noted that not all the needs of employees can be fulfilled especially when such needs are at the cost of company’s strategic aims and objectives.There must be a balance between the fulfillment of employee needs and strategic needs of the company. This balance can be achieved by aligning the strategic needs of the company with that of individual employee’s to create common objectives. Organizations are continuously focusing on aligning the individual employee needs and objectives with that of the organization. The process of aligning individual needs of employees and organization’s strategic objectives is called goal congruence.The agency theory is mostly commonly used by organizations for forming goal congruence between the individuals and overall strategic goals and objectives of the company.Agency theory assumes employees of organization, including managers as agents acting within an organization each pursuing his own set of objectives. For instance, within a particular department of an organization, there are departmental objective. If achieving these departmental goals and objectives lead to the achievement of the overall strategic objectives of the organization, then these is believed to be goal congruence between the two. (opm.gov).The relationship between an organization and employees is referred to as agency relationship, in which managers and employees act as agents for the owners of a company. The conflict in this relationship arises when the agents do not act in the best interests of their principles.The agency problem arises due to the separation of ownership and management of the business. Mostly managers purse their own personal object ives like giving themselves high salaries and perks, and taking a short term profitability perspective rather than focusing on the long term success of the business.This is particularly the case where they don’t have any or very little stake in the equity shares of the company. However, this agency problem can be resolved by what is called an ‘agency theory’. Agency theory tries to bridge the gap between the objectives of organization and personal objectives and needs of employees and managers alike.

Tokyo Disneyland Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Tokyo Disneyland - Case Study Example 3. To recognize how the differences of Tokyo Disneyland to other Disneyland theme parks in terms of the themes and features of the park. 4. To examine the visitor statistics of Tokyo Disneyland. 5. To know how Tokyo Disneyland maintain the Japanese culture in the park. Statement of the Problem The study intends to investigate the success of Tokyo Disneyland in terms of culture, compared to other Disneyland theme parks. Specifically the study intends to answer the following questions: 1. How does the management of Tokyo Disneyland promote the park to the Japanese market even if there is still a touch of American culture 2. What are the differences of Tokyo Disneyland to other Disneyland theme parks in terms of the participation of staff 3. What are the differences of Tokyo Disneyland to other Disneyland theme parks in terms of the themes and features of the park 4. How does Tokyo Disneyland maintain the Japanese culture in the park Conceptual Framework / Theoretical Framework This study will apply the input-process-output (IPO) framework. Originating form the Industrial Revolution, the IPO model has been applied to various fields-from manufacturing to communications to computer programming. (Harris & Taylor, 1997) The IPO model is a design of how different input, intermediate, and output variables form causal relationships in a system. (Walliman, 2001) In the IPO model, a process is viewed as a series of boxes (processing elements) connected by inputs and outputs. Information or material objects flow through a series of tasks or activities based on a set of rules or decision points. (Walliman, 2001) Flow charts and process diagrams are often used to represent the process. (Walliman, 2001) What goes in is the input;... With continuous effort and perseverance to make the study a success as well as the support of the people who have helped in the project, the research was completed. For the future researchers that will have to undergo a series of data collection methods, it should always be keep in mind the possibility of incidents and instances that will hinder the execution of the research. Be prepared for the worst scenarios that could happen during field work whether the case concerns the participants, the location, the time and the gatekeepers. It is easy to find common elements between Disneyland and Disney films in all parts of the park. For example, it is well known that Disney made only one gate to Disneyland, against advice from amusement park experts. To Disney, the entrance gate and the beginning part of a movie are the same. From the gate, visitors head toward the shopping mall, where each store is a three-story house with a facade, similar to those of a small American city in the late nineteenth century. These facades reduced in various degrees, detach visitors from outside reality and bring them into the world of nostalgia. As a similar scenography is also used on streets that stretch from the entrance to the central plaza, the scene inside the park is put in a frame, and the street is long enough for visitors to transform themselves into inhabitants of Disney’s world. The recommendation of this study is for Tokyo Disneyland to maintain representing the rich culture of Japan in Tokyo Disneyland since this i s what their market needs.

Songs of andrew lloyd webber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Songs of andrew lloyd webber - Essay Example 2. Musicals are quite diverse thematically but all of them tell a story. No matter who are the main characters of these stories, they are about human relationships. Such themes as love, friendship, beauty, care or hatred often appear in his musicals. Even if to take Jesus Christ Superstar, The Phantom of the Opera, and Evita to compare, each of these musicals tells a story about human relationships and such themes are very engaging for spectators who find it easier to understand why their favorite character do what they do. 3. Originally, musicals are expected to be perceived as a whole, but they become so popular that people enjoy the songs apart from their original context. Songs by Andrew Lloyd Webber function successfully outside the shows; if one tries to find 10 essential pieces by Andrew Webber most of them will be taken out of different musicals. It happens because most people do not want to understand the lyrics; they simply enjoy the melody and want to listen. 4. The Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber as staged at the Ellen Eccles theater is a critical piece to discuss because it compiles the most successful hits by Webber in one show. At the same time, it ruins the full story of each hit and it might ruin the charm and the atmosphere of musical experience. People love songs from musicals by Webber so much that almost all of them who can sing believe that they must record at least of of their favorites and upload it on YouTube. However, one needs to remember that video does not render the same amount of emotions and energy compared to live performances. 5. My favorite song by Andrew Lloyd Webber is Phantom of the Opera. I love this song because I grew up with it. It has been popular since I remember myself and I could not resist its strong melody and emotional passages. This is a good example of how one man can change the world by doing good.

How to attract women customers and target market in beverage operation Assignment

How to attract women customers and target market in beverage operation - Assignment Example his paper is to explore the aspect of women customers in association with the aforementioned criteria, with close reference to beverage business operations. Detailed examinations of the three determinants of establishing a beverage business operation targeting women customers are hereby discussed. As a point of departure, the location of a beverage site concerning female customers can be approached via a different dimension since the tastes and preferences for females are dissimilar with those of male customers. Consequently, distance, space, proximity to other businesses and reputation of the business itself are among the key considerations in this regard (Jorge and LoÃŒ pe, 64). The place to serve as a location to the beverage operation should consider the customers’ accessibility. The business should therefore located in such a manner that the customers can walk or drive for short distances to access whatever they are in need of as this will facilitate efficiency, avoid too much time consumption on the side of the target market, as well as reduce the costs incurred in travelling all the way to the facility. Thus, this will ensure that the whole exercise will be bearable and cost effective to all (Jorge and LoÃŒ pe, 64). Female customers are by nature adventurous. Thus, any effort to locate a business of this caliber entails an in-depth understanding of the site. For instance, if the customers are to drive to the facility, a parking space and a perfect cool atmosphere for relaxation should be guaranteed (Theodore, 32). The beverage supplying business should as well ensure that the location is an isolated picturesque but rather a place in which other products are retailing because women customer are a sort of people who cannot move from one place to another to look for a single product at a time. They always prefer a one-stop shop, thus the need to be in proximate distance from other preferable women goodies, is something inevitable for any entrepreneur who

Public Policy essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Policy - Essay Example of Afro Americans especially in America where slavery was rife were denied the right to equality and they suffered a heavy deal under oppressive systems that existed during those years. In a protracted struggle to fight slavery in America, various movements were established and among them was the â€Å"Civil Rights Movement† which referred to an extended period of American history in which African Americans struggled to become free of the tyranny of slavery where they also fought for equal opportunity and the protection of the civil rights guaranteed through the United States Constitution (Lovino 2008). Though the civil rights were guaranteed by the constitution, Afro Americans who were still under slavery unfortunately were still struggling to realise their rights. The movements for rights became rife around the late 1960s, a period which witnessed the passing of many laws supporting civil rights by the Congress and there was a shift in the ideology of Americans and racial politics in America (Boyer, 2001). Thus, according to the historical background of the fight for civil rights outlined above, a broad definition can be implied to sum up what civil rights are for the purpose of easier understanding. According to Cornel University Law School (2009), â€Å"a civil right is an enforceable right or privilege, which if interfered with by another gives rise to an action for injury. There are quite a number of examples of civil rights and they include the following: freedom of speech, press, and assembly; the right to vote; freedom from involuntary servitude; and the right to equality in public places.† On the other hand, Bodenhamer J. D. & Ely J.W. (1993) posit to the effect that discrimination occurs when the civil rights of an individual are denied or infringed on the basis of racial inequality caused by class structures. It can be noted that various statutes have been enacted to prevent discrimination in different countries as well as promote other civil rights

The Capital Structure Decision and the Cost of Capital Essay

The Capital Structure Decision and the Cost of Capital - Essay Example The products include dolls and accessories, vehicles, games, puzzles, as well as play sets. The company’s popular toy brands include the Barbie dolls, Polly Pocket, Little Mommy, Monster High, BabyGear, WWW Wrestling figures, Fisher-Price, CARS, Toy Story, Max Steel, and Batman. The company sells it toy products in physical stores as well as online stores. Based on the module discussions discussed, the nature of the Mattel (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=MAT+Balance+Sheet&annual) company’s toy business operations and its toy clients, it is highly recommended that the capital structure (total liabilities or debt and equity proportions) must be adjusted to the medium debt ratio (1.0) type of business structure. The medium debt type of business organization can be equated to a financial position where there is an equal amount of total debt and total l equity. For, increasing the debt to an amount which is higher than the total equity would entail an increase in interest p ayments to the creditors. Creditors lend money in exchange for interest payments. In terms of amount, the current Mattel debt and equity amounts are high debt for both debt and equity amounts do not reach $3,000,000,000. Thus the medium debt ratio (1.0) amount can be reached my making either the debt equate the equity amount or the equity amount to equate the debt amount. Mattel Company has the best debt to equity ratio at 1.0. In terms of cost of capital, Mattel has the lowest of the three companies. On the other hand, an increase in the stockholders’ equity amount would generate more cash on hand needed for the company’s continuance of its current operations. However, the stockholders may not have enough funds to increase their investments in the company. In terms of risks, borrowing funds will increase the amount of the unpaid liability. Likewise, borrowing funds will generate the risk that creditors may not be able to grant the required loan amount. In terms of ris ks, the company will not be able to generate enough revenues to pay for the loan amount. One advantage of the generation of funds through debts is to avoid increasing the balance sheet’s stockholders’ equity figure. An increase in stockholders’ equity would produce lesser dividend distribution per share of stock. An advantage of the increasing debt amount is the avoidance of decreasing the company’s dividend per share contribution. The company’s 2010 beta is $0.99 each. Clorox The Clorox Company (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=CLX+Key+Statistics) is engaged in the manufacture and sale of consumer products. The products are sold in the United States and around the world. The company’s products are segregated into four major divisions. The divisions are cleaning, household, lifestyle, and international. The company’s popular brands include Clorox cleaning products, liquid – Plumr, S.O.S., STP, and Armor All. Internationally, the company focuses on the home care products, cat litter products, plastic bags, containers, wraps, and charcoal products. The company’s beta is 0.35. In terms of amount, the current Clorox debt amount is less than $5,500,000,000 and the company’s equity amount is less than $100,000,000. Thus medium debt ratio (1.0) amount can be achieved by either increasing the current equity amount to equal the debt amount or reducing the debt amount to equal the current equit

Night Vision Devices and History Research Paper

Night Vision Devices and History - Research Paper Example They incorporated active infrared to brighten up the scene. This was followed by generation 1 devices that relied on ambient light as opposed to an infrared light source. Examples of these devices include AN/PVS-2. With the changing technology, second generation night vision devices were developed. These devices featured a more advanced image intensifier than the previous generations (Stew 31). Seemingly, better clarity of the image was realized. Examples of these devices includes AN/PVS-4 and AN/VS-5 What Called For These Devices to Be Implemented Into Our Society Global population increase led to increased incidences of criminal activities. To curb this vice government institutions alongside nongovernmental organizations installed the night vision devices within their structures, this enabled proper monitoring of activities. The persons that thought of and developed this technology A night vision scientist, John Johnson, developed methods that predicted the target detection, identi fication and recognition (Anonymous 1). Upon the development of the image intensifier instrument, Johnson involved volunteer’s observers in order to test an individual ability to identify targets under varied conditions. Notably, this period marked a considerable development in the performance modeling of the night vision imaging systems. Other scientists behind this technology were George, Goodrich, James Ignatowski and William Wiley. They researched on the continuous channel electron multiplier APPLICATIONS FOR NIGHT VISION DEVICES. Application towards Safety Personnel using them For Search and Rescue. Night vision devices are used all over the world in rescue and maritime search. In a man overboard scenario, only the head of the person floating is visible. It is often visible as red or white balls against a dark background because the thermal heat of t greater the human head is greater than that of the water thus creating a 24 hour response capability (Anonymous 1). Moreov er, managing rescue at the sea has always been a complex undertaking. Occasionally, on scene commandos employ thermal imaging to keep track of the victims and their rescue personnel in the water. Notably, the improved situational awareness often increases the safety of all involved. As such, incorporation of the thermal imagers allows the maritime personnel to monitor whatever that is happening on land even in the event of darkness. Scientists using them for Further Scientific Research. Dr. Mark Horns of the department of engineering science and mechanics at Penn State University is working on the materials for night vision use. Thermograph employs vanadium oxide since its resistance changes with temperature (Vogel 36). It has been established that the relation between the change in temperature and resistance results to the temperature coefficient of resistivity of a material. At Penn State University, Dr. Horns group are currently studying on how nanotechnology enhancement to the m aterial properties and fabrication methods can help increase the temperature coefficient of resistivity for higher sensitivity, as well as, reduce production costs. The materials used are produced in the lab primarily by engaging the Pulsed DC Sputtering (Vogel 39). Medical Personnel using A Variant of NVDs for Practice or Further Medical UUT LIFESTAR’S is a civilian aero medical program that has embraced the night vision technology. It has been certified by the federal aviation administration to use

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Essay - 2

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans - Essay Example It is due to this reason I choose to venture in the education sector but in a different venture. The business venture is the Online State of the Art Educational Portal. The venture can also be referred to in personal state of the art educational portal. With parents with the thirst of interactive education for their children this venture aims to prove a quench of that. This approach is unique and provides the best quality form of education. To add to its advantages, the approach involves the integration of parents who outline the weaknesses and strengths of a child. Additionally, the approach a rectangular circulation and interaction of tasks. It provides a child-parent-teacher interaction basis. This mode of interaction lacks in most educational systems. With current trends taking over in the society, parents need to be part and parcel of their children growth and this approach provides the best medium of interaction. The implementation of this approach however must come with its shortcomings. It is this logic assumption that makes it possible to have a business environmental analysis. Both the internal and external environment factors can affect this venture. With the environmental analysis, there is a clear picture of shortcomings and the possible ways to dealing with them (De Wit, 2003). Apart from the external environmental analysis there is the need for a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides the entrepreneur with a picture of their strength and weaknesses. It is satisfied by one maximizing on their strengths and avoiding and dealing with their weaknesses. Additionally, the analysis tends to provide warning to an organization on which parts to cushion to prevent heavy losses caused by misfortunes. External environmental factors are factors which are not in the capacity of the institution to deal with. However, they must be considered since they affect the operations of the institutions.

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) - Essay Example McClure (2008) has conducted this research to design out the various planners in order to facilitate the de-concentration of poverty. The methods which McClure (2008) has utilized include the administrative data which had been conducted from Urban Development and Department of Housing. This data had been taken to assess the extent to which federal housing program assist low income groups like renters and homebuyers to identify locations where at least 10% of the population dwells upon below the poverty line. The results and findings of McClure (2008) suggests that providing subsidies to housing programs can help way better than providing subsidies to the low income areas. Moreover, societies will keep on relying on the designs and strategies for resolving the problems of affordable housing systems. Many new goals as mentioned in the paper of McClure (2008) can be employed to make it easier to address the poverty issues related to housing systems. However, both political and economical expertises are required to negotiate with the builders and developers about the housing systems. If planners, builders, market condition and developers are promising, then this method can serve the aim of diluting the concentration of poverty and further development of housing conditions of community. The development of neighborhood life and housing market across Washington D.C and other related communities have always experienced the influences of the matters pertaining to racism and racial discrimination practices. In fact, there are roles played by various social and economic factors but still the role of racial discrimination in shaping up the neighborhood life has remained predominant. However, there is a need to evaluate those contextual grounds in the basis of which self-segregation concepts and circumstances have been developed. (Schwartz, 2006) The find it quite hard to unscramble the choices that they make and the circumstance with which they are linked as they have

Margin Call Essay Example for Free

Margin Call Essay J. C. Chandler’s 2011 film Margin Call examines the actions of an investment firm’s key decision makers during the earliest stages of the most recent financial crisis. Chandler does a good job with the characters of this movie he isn’t necessarily looking for a villain in a mess like this nor any lengthy explanations; he’s going deeper than that. He goes more for societal costs of high finance, the power of self-rationalization, and the easy embrace of personal corruption. The movie is filled with business lessons that go beyond the investment world. One theme of the film centers on business ethics and whether personal interest should trump customer/employee investment. Clearly, the decision made by John Tuld and senior management demonstrates that everybody is out for themselves. Personal investors are at the mercy of the individuals and the firms they invest with. The ease with which Tuld makes his decisions is scary to any business ethical viewer. With unqualified statements such as, â€Å"its just money† the audience begins to understand that the financial system can be an unfair game. In contrast Peter’s boss, Sam Rogers’ ethical implications of how the company plans to resolve its problems are almost more than he can handle. Sam stumbles upon the issue triggering the crisis, it’s one thing to be shocked at the ramifications of what’s about to unfold. But it doesn’t mean one’s outrage can’t be set aside when personal survival is on the line, an attitude that he quietly maintains but isn’t afraid to tap when the need arises. Moral ethics are thrown out the window in order to salvage a firm that has taken on too much risk in order to increase profits and inflate employee earnings. Management is willing to do whatever it takes to save themselves and protect their personal assets. This includes liquidating entire departments, and ruining the integrity of their own employee’s careers in the process. This film had several big ethical messages from it. In addition, there were many smaller points and messages the film showed. One in particular was the way that the employers used an employees entitlements as leverage to coerce them into doing what the enterprise requires. However, things such as stock options, pensions, bonus promises, and health care plans are simply paper assets. The promise that stands behind them can be broken and that paper is completely worthless at the order of those employers or in other words, blackmail. Ethics never loses its relevance. It must be told and retold as, too often, the mportant lessons that it imparts individuals and institutions unwillingly set aside. Ethical lapses can lead and have led to the irrevocable damage of a firm, its employees and clients. If there are any ethics in the business world, the company’s plan for survival is unethical. But in a world that lacks options, there is only winning and losing. Some of the characters struggle with the little emotional and psychological life they have left. But their choice basically comes down to money or no money. One thing that we must remember from this film is not just the ethical decisions made by the upper management but who is affected by these choices made by upper management. The most damaging fallout from all this is on those who didn’t see any of this coming, mostly the investors and the firm’s employees. Those who had the least involvement in all this mess are hurt the most in terms of financial losses. Even if it may seem like the employees’ participation was limited, they are nevertheless part of all of it, just by the inherent connectedness to the overall whole. Just because they weren’t the ones making the decisions doesn’t mean the decisions made by upper management won’t hurt them. This film is a reminder that business and moral ethics can easily be lost in the shuffle when billions of dollars and entire companies are at stake. Tuld is willing to kill the market to protect his interest, without concern for the company’s investors or even the strength of the global economy. When money is no longer an issue, you lose all concern for the individuals who do not hold the same viewpoint.

Country Development Comparison: Sweden and Vietnam PESTEL

Country Development Comparison: Sweden and Vietnam PESTEL Table of Contents Vietnam background Political factor Economy Social Technology Legal Environment Sweden Background. Political factor Social factors Technological Factor Legal Factors Environmental factor Intra Analysis of Sweden and Vietnam Political Factors Economical Factor Conclusion References PESTEL ANALYSIS Initially known as PEST Analysis, this is a macro environmental structure used to recognise the impact of the external factors on the institution and is used as strategic analytical technique. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological† factors. Francis Aguilar is referred to as the originator of this tool. He talked about ETPS – Economic, Technological, Political, and Social– as the four important factors for Scanning the Business Environment. Later Legal and Environmental factors were also introduced by some analysts and thus evolved the term PESTLE Analysis. Vietnam background Vietnam is a country situated in the extreme east on the indo-China peninsula. It is the 13th most populated country in the world with 90.3 million people being estimated in 2012. It is one among the fastest emerging countries in Asia. It has a very fast growing economy as many first world countries are being attracted by its resources and Foreign Direct Investment showed an increasing trend for some years. Political factor 2011 Vietnam Communist Party held an eleventh congress in 2011 by which followed an election where the leading party was the Party Central Committee. Following the event, Prime Minister Mr Nyugen Tan Dung retains his former position. Mr Nguyen Phu Trong was elected as General Secretary and Mr Truong Tan Sang as Vietnam’s president. The new party brought about some amendments in the current 1992 Constitution. Companies which have a say to economic development were given certain facilities when the government took some extra tax actions. Also, concerning the conflict between Vietnam and China over the East Sea, some senior bureaucrat of the two countries had to visit each other in order to reduce the pressures. 2012 Following an issue of farmers and villager’s land being confiscated by governments’ officials, the police force used extreme force to combat the riot. Conferences session were held to deal with these problems but no actions was taken to improve human rights which was elaborated in 2011. Prime Minister Mr Nguyen proves his supremacy by restricting citizen from deriving their rights. Economy 2011 The year 2011 proved to be a dynamic year for the Vietnamese economy with the first year of establishment of the Socio-Economic Development Strategy. It aims to boost up the country’s labor force, creating high standards infrastructure and stabilizing the economy. However, the Vietnam Development Report of 2012 showed that in the recent years there was an agitating macroeconomic experience. Vietnam experiences a slow GDP growth of 5.8%, inflation being 11.75% in 2010 to 18% in 2011. Both imports and exports rose and FDI increased as investors were attracted by certain core business of the country. 2012 Following the slowing down of GDP in 2011, 2012 also depicted a slow pace with GDP growing by only 5%. However, inflation decreased as it change from a two-digit figure to one digit figure of 9.1%. FDI inflows witnessed a fall of 4.5% in 2012 and seeing a boost in exports of 18.3% and imports of 7.1%. Social 2011 In vietnam, education is considered to be the key of good moral values and that every person should have a desire for achieving it. Despite having a poor education system, the economy has a highly educated population. The National average population rose by 1.04% (87.84 million) with a working age of 46.48 million which is a rise of 0.12% and constituting an unemployment rate of 2.27%. 2012 Average population rose by 1.06% (88.78 million). Working age from 15 and above rose was 52.58 million in 2012 which Is a rise of 2.3%. Unemployment rate was 1.99% and people’s standard of living decrease by 27.6% to 2011. Technology 2011 Year 2011 illustrated a new implementation of a strategic plan for social and economic development. Vietnam’s government emphasize on the establishment of new infrastural building and thereby constructing new express ways to facilitate the task. This would help to ease the modenisation concept. Various training is being offered to have competent scientist and also the government promoted technological innovation. 2012 Being cost advantageous compared to other countries, Vietnam captured some big economies for investment including South Korea and US technology enterprises. This boosted up the export revenue. One of the major influences was the implementation of Samsung’s mobil-phone plant which totalized an investment of $700 million. Legal 2011 Vietnam was called upon in a conference on the Rule of law to restructure its legal system and bring it into line with the international Human Rights Laws. The Human Rights were only theoretically being used in Vietnam after the war. In 2011, Vuong family created havoc by wounding 6 civil servants. The Prime Minister had to step into the matter so as to solve the case and the Haiphony Government was proven wrong. 2012 The dominance of the ruling party persisted. Human Rights were only proposed in 2011 and it was not given legal force. It did not abide by the international standards even in 2012. Freedom of the population was deprived from them. The police force still do massacre to the general public. Foreign countries tried to step into the matter to reform the legal system but the supremacy of the government remains. Environment 2011 Recent report of the World Bank stipulated that due to rapid economic growth and technological advancement in Vietnam, the environment is being affected significantly. Many natural resources are being deployed. Moreover, 2011 was officially the year where Vietnam Rhino was declared extinct. Also, with the growing urbanization, environmental pollution has increased. Water pollution is the main one as lakes’ area is decreasing sharply while many are disappearing. 80% of lakes are polluted and this called upon environmentalist to take necessary measures to tackle the problem. Vietnam is a country with drastic damages concerning climate change with 257 people missing and dead, 1200 houses being damaged or carried away. The natural calamities caused a loss of approximately over 10 trillion VND. 2012 With the support of US, in 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Vietnam developed a strategy for sustainable development following the increase in industrial work. Agriculture as a percentage of total national income is declining. Sweden Background Sweden was army powered in the 17th century, but it was no present in any war for almost 200 years. It remained armed neutral in both World Wars. It is a capitalist country. In 2000-02 and 2009 by the global economic downturns it had to face unemployment to a great extent, but fiscal policies were planned and implemented in a way that has permitted the country to survive in economic difficulties. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public disagree to the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum. It is located between Finland and Norway. The Population of Sweden is 9,074,055 (July 2010 EST.) Religion is Lutheran 87%, other 13 %( includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) Language of Sweden is Swedish (official), also Sami- and some Finnish talking minorities. About Literacy rate it is observed that age 15 and over can read and write Capital of Sweden is: Stockholm GDP growth rate is 4.5% inflation rate is said to be 1.4% Currency: Krona (SEK) Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles Sweden is retaining its place as the tenth most attractive country in the world that is the result of the 2012 year’s Anholt-GfK Nation Brands Index (NBI), this index measures the global likeness (image) of 50 countries in attractiveness and perceived qualities. Political factor Official name of the country is Kingdom of Sweden Legal system Based on the constitution of 1974 Head of state Sweden has King Carl XVI Gustaf as head of state. The nations legislature is the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag), with 349 participants. Elections are heald on a four year basis but it should be pointed out that the king plays no role in government. In the 2006 election, the Riksdag set a new world record as 47 percent of its elected members were women.The Cabinet is headed by the prime minister. There has not been any major change in the political factor in Sweden between 2011 and 2012. Economic Factor It is going forward to maintain a sound fiscal support, improving greater labour force participation and efficiently increasing the public expenditure would help handling future undesirable events. The industrial as well as the agricultural sectors both play an important role in contributing to the GDP. The estimate of investments in research and development is about 4 percent of its gross domestic product. In 2011 in order to prevent long-term unemployment The efficiency of labour market policies could be elevated by increasing the training, specially those who need it most and getting strength in cooperation between institutions. Reforms in the social benefit and tax systems to provide the right incentives for increasing hours worked. In 2012, Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment Credit is made available to foreign investors in an unbiased way. The private sector have been given access to a variety of credit instruments. The central bank focuses on increasing the international co-operation. Combined with a well-educated labor force, excellent telecommunications network, and a stable political environment, Sweden has become more competitive as a choice for foreign companies forming a presence in the Nordic region. In the World Economic Forum’s 2011-2012 report, Sweden ranked third out of 140 countries in overall competiveness and productivity Sweden’s economy has strong potential to benefit from growing, technology-driven global competition. Sweden already hosts one of the most globally integrated economies in the world. Sweden’s effectiveness is manifested by large flows of trade, capital, and foreign investment. It is seen as a leader in adopting new technologies and setting new consumer trends. Products can be tested in a market with demanding customers and high levels of technical sophistication. Social factors Sweden’s people in general are very on time. They do not smoke in general public places. It is a custom to remove shoes if a person is invited by a friend or anyone to his/her house. Swedes students are informal but they are always willing to help. It is not a practice to exchange business cards in Sweden. Swedes don’t take generosity for granted they will surely give thanks. Fault to say thank you for something is perceived negatively in Sweden. Competition is not encouraged Maintaining eye contact along with a firm handshake, shake hands with all attendees on both arrival and departure. Call first names when you meet Swedes. These social factors have not change in one year i.e from 2011 to 2012 Technological Factor The image is adapted from The Global Information Technology report of 2010-2011 Hennigan (2011) states that Sweden stands 1st in rankings of The Global Information Technology report of 2010-2011, by the World Economic Forum. The report emphasizes the role of ICT (information and communication technologies) as a facilitator of a more economically, environmentally and socially sustainable world. According to new ranking report published by the UN ITU, Sweden holds the first rank in the ICT Development Index (IDI). Legal Factors Swedish laws provide a variety of types under which a business can be established. The Swedish Law, Act (1992:160) applies to overseas companies functioning some type of business The foreign branch’s president must be living within the European Economic Area (EEA). Each and every business enterprise in Sweden are required to register at the Swedish Companies Registration Office. Trademark must be registered in Sweden so that legal protection can be obtained. The president if, not from EEA country, needs special permission from the Financial Supervision Authority to set up a branch in Sweden Taxes: Swedens taxation structure is straightforward and corporate tax levels are low. Sweden has a corporate tax of 28% in nominal terms. Individual’s income taxes are one of the highest in the world. Since it spends a lot in public finances to reduce deficits. One particular area has been tax reductions to encourage employers to hire long-term unemployed people. There are further deductions for personal income taxes by the government. Profits earned by a Swedish branch of any foreign enterprise may be sent abroad without implication of any tax other than the regular corporate income tax. Incentives: The government also offers specific incentives to set up a business. Loans are also given by the National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK) and from regional development funds. The variety of regional support programs are in Sweden like location and employment grants, low rent industrial parks, and economic free zones. There are also several European funds that offer subsidies for starting enterprises and the Swedish Government provides collection of incentives for research and development Environmental factor Sweden was an early adopter of sustainable thinking. Back in the 1960s, it acknowledged that the rapid loss of natural resources had to be deal with, and took a lead in setting up the first UN conference on the environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. Since then it has continued to work actively with environmental issues, both nationally and internationally. In 2011, Sweden had the highest percentage of renewable energy in the EU (over 47 per cent). By 2020, at least half of the country’s energy should be renewable, a target the Government says is within reach. Sweden has implemented a water management program in 2012. Tap water is drinkable, and in the summer you can swim in central parts of the capital, Stockholm.Although Sweden is a frontrunner in environmental policy, the Government recognises that there is plenty of room for improvement. For 2013-2016, Sweden will allocate approximately SEK 22 billion to environmental measures. Intra Analysis of Sweden and Vietnam Political Factors Unlike Sweden with a sound and stable political state, that of Vietnam is quite unstable. Vietnam’s political party shows its supremacy upon its citizen by depriving them of their human rights. Sweden can be said a country where its political factor would be less risky that Vietnam. Following the comparison of year 2011 and 2012 of the two countries, Sweden proved to be consistent where as to correct the Vietnamese political stability various countries had to step forward. Economical Factor Economic stability is of great concern to countries. Vietnam encounters a very fluctuating macroeconomic state with drastic changes. Sweden has a stable economic state as its figures do not change by a quite large amount. Vietnam with such agitation could be vulnerable to crises. This makes the economy poor and may lose investors’ confidence. Sweden on the other hand has a good economy and can boost up investors’ confidence. Being among the top competitive and productive countries in the world, investors are easily attracted. Social Factor In comparison with Vietnam, Sweden can be said to be more socially stable. Swedes are well repute for their moral values. It has a highly educated population with high prospect of flourishing as the people are back up by their government. Vietnam on the other hand also has a highly educated population but do not have the means available to ameliorate their living standard as year 2012 showed a decline. Sweden with its determination and perseverance became the third out of 140 countries for being competitive and productive. Technological Factor Sweden being a country of high level of technology has a major advantage over Vietnam. The latter is now on the path of major technological advancement. Many efforts have been done to flourish its technological innovation. It is in 2011 and 2012 that the government is opening itself to new technologies and is constructing the required infrastructure whereas the case of Sweden is very different. Sweden is rank number one in information, communication and technology. Its telecommunication services is among the best due to high technology. Legal Factor Both Sweden and Vietnam encourages companies and individuals to prospect via tax cuts. Sweden is considered a country which is well known due to its high individual taxes and its large public sector. It encourages companies to hire persons by reducing corporate tax thereby reducing unemployment rate. Its government also helps to promote small and medium enterprises. Environmental Factor Sweden is the first country to adopt the sustainable development approach. It organises various conferences on environmental issues, the first one held in Stockholm. It has a clean environment where tap water is drinkable and it has the highest level of renewable energy in EU. Vietnam is on the other pole where pollution affects its water resources badly. Tap water is not consumable as its lakes are over 70% polluted due to industrial operations. Conclusion Sweden is a developed country and this can clearly be seen from the PESTLE analysis. Swedish society has developed an exclusive culture with a robust work code and strong ethical attitudes regarding the appealing of welfare benefits. There is also a great level of trust and social consistency. At present Sweden is now putting emphasis on its tertiary sector, more precisely on its financial sector. Vietnam on the other hand is a developing country still trying to struggle with its primary and secondary sector, its main goals are to establish a continuous trend in its macroeconomic factors such as GDP and inflation. The difference between these two countries is eye catching and there is technically no way that in the near future they will be on the same level even if Vietnam development is at a more than average pace.

Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay

Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay This paper analyses the theories and concepts of leadership of key characters in the movie, Invictus. The key characters analysed are President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar, captain of the South African rugby team. Based on a book written by John Carlin, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Changed a Nation, the movie is directed by award-winning director Clint Eastwood. Starring Morgan Freeman as President Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon plays Francois Pienaar, who is the current captain of the Springboks, the South African rugby team, it was released in the United States in mid-December 2009. 2.0 SYNOPSIS OF MOVIE Storyline The story centres around events before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, hosted in South Africa shortly after the fall of apartheid with the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela. Mandela was held in a prison on Robben Island for close to 27 years. As the new elected President, Mandela vowed to unite the South Africa population which is currently divided into two groups: the white people who originated from Europe and came to South African in the seventeeth century known as Afrikaners and the native black population of the country. The movie basically shows President Mandelas attempt to unite both groups in supporting the countrys rugby team, the Springboks (rugby was traditionally a white sport) and steering the team as it made a historic drive towards winning the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship. Despite all odds and initial resistance, the black natives of South Africa soon began to show interest in the Springboks. As the team wins more and more games, they continue to receive rising support from both the Afrikaners and the black natives. The team achieved unexpected success in the 1995 Rugby World Cup final, defeating the strongest opponent in the tournament, New Zealand, which brought cheer not only to the Afrikaners but also to the black natives all over the country as they celebrated the teams victory. This inevitably began to bridge the divide between the two groups that had been there for centuries due to apartheid. The title Invictus is translated from the Latin as undefeated or unconquered, and is the title of a poem by English poet William Ernest Henley (1849-1903). The ending saw the recitation of verses from the poem: Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance my head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds and shall find me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Leaders in the movie There are clearly two distinguished leaders in the movie: President Nelson Mandela despite having to face other pressing issues to build the country in his first term as president, Mandela is committed to his pledge to reunite the people of South Africa. He tries to achieve this through sports, namely rugby in which the country is hosting in the following year. Francois Pienaar, captain of the Springboks (South African Rugby team). Pienaar faces a tough challenge from President Mandela to drive his team to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship, something he never thought possible before. Role of leaders Newly-elected President Nelson Mandela plays a leading role as the person who tries to unite the divided groups of white Afrikaners and the black South African natives with the end of apartheid. He believes that it can be achieved through rugby, which is the number one sport for the white Afrikaners. With his strong belief in the power of the game, Mandela went against the wishes of his own staff and follows his instincts to pursue his target. Mandela calmly leads by example, displaying great leadership skills through his quiet reflective confidence in contemplating decisions, his commitment to achieve whatever he sets out to do and the way he touches other peoples lives and emotions with his personal communication style. Meanwhile, Francois Pienaar admires President Mandelas aspirations to unite the people of South Africa and was inspired by his dedication and perseverance to achieve his goal. Through his leadership and commitment, Pienaar steadily builds his teams confidence and began to win more and more matches, and eventually brought his team to victory against the strongest opponent, New Zealand, in the final match of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. 3.0 LEADERSHIP ASPECTS Incidents within the movie involving the leaders One incident shows a sporting organization where all committee members are black natives, and they agree to pass a motion to change the name, colour and logo of the rugby team to suit a different and blacker South Africa. Currently, the rugby team represents the pride of the Afrikaners and is despised by the black natives as they see it as a symbol of apartheid. However, President Mandela who arrives at the meeting just after the voting process asks the committee members to rethink their decisions in the context of unity for the country and the good of the population. In the end, he manages to gather 13 votes on his side which is enough for him to keep the Springboks. Mandelas style of participative leadership is very admirable. He always encourages those working under him to think differently about surrounding issues.   A good example would be the one concerning his personal security group. Instead of being suspicious about the loyalty and commitment of his white security staff, he directed the security head, a black Soth African native, to work together with their highly experienced counterparts and learn from them. He also treats the white security staff well even though some of them were against him when he was in prison. Days before the final match, Pienaar as captain of the rugby squad claims that the team needs a break. They head to Robben Island with their girlfriends to take their minds off the game. There, Pienaar visited the jail where Mandela was held. Standing inside Mandelas actual jail cell, Pienaar is dismayed to discover how small the cell is and with nothing to sleep on except a thin sheet on the bare ground. Yet the man who was held in this cell for nearly 26 years can easily forgive those who put him in prison, and has great plans to unite the people of the country. Incidents and leaders interaction within the context of the movie President Mandela invites Pienaar to tea for their first meeting. Mandela believes that he can achieve the unity that he planned for through rugby and needed Pienaars assistance to get the support of the Afrikaners. Pienaar was charmed by Mandelas personal style and warmth upon his arrival at the Government House. He also observed that Mandela treated everyone around him with great respect, even the lady who served them tea. During the brief meeting, Mandela skillfully challenges Pienaar to think positively about winning the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship. He shared his vision on the importance of winning the championship to South Africa to unite the people via a World Cup victory. Pienaar who was impressed with the presidents quiet leadership, personal commitment and motivation to achieve the vision soon began to see the odds of winning the cup as a possibility, thus inspires him to lead this team to train harder that before. Leaders behaviour and characteristics In this movie, Mandela skillfully demonstrates his people-oriented leadership style. For instance, even on his first day in office as the newly-elected President of South Africa, he showed great courtesy to all his staff, blacks and whites, by greeting and smiling at everybody whom he passed by on his way to his suite. This earned him great respect from all staff, especially the white Afrikaners who thought they would be sacked once a black leader assumed office. Mandela also decided to maintain the former white staff and builds an administrative team of both groups. The same also applies to his security staff. In order to lead by example and to achieve the unity he had long planned for, he believes that his team must reflect his vision. 4.0 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR Leadership behaviour Leadership styles are important to successfully lead teams in organisations. There are various styles of leadership that can be observed and are practised by leaders in todays organisations, but theories mostly centre these two: The first group displays task-oriented behaviours, whereby the leader only manages the daily activities of his subordinates towards accomplishing a task which was predetermined. The second set involves people-oriented behaviour, also known as participative leadership. Leaders in this group normally provide a supportive role by encouraging his subordinates to get involved in decision making on the project that they are working on. This results in a positive work environment which increases productivity of the team as they feel that they are part of the decision making process and thus own the project.   Evidently, both sets of behaviours are important to create a balance in successful leadership. President Mandela excellently displayed both task-oriented and participative leadership styles in his quest to build the nation. He sought the help and participation of Pienaar to transform the image of the Springboks in the eyes of the black natives. Through Pienaars leadership, the team members successfully won the hearts of the black natives and garner their support which steered the team to victory. Change agent capabilities Basically, a change agent is someone who can motivate others around him to produce higher degree of output, to do more and to achieve better things in their lives. Change agents require emotional intelligence to ensure people are totally engaged in a project. People who are highly supportive of the purpose and are highly committed to achieve the objectives of the project will contribute to better productivity and chances of meeting the goals and objectives are maximised. A change agent needs to have high competencies in soft skills, namely excellent people and communication skills, to encourage peoples involvement and minimise resistance. He or she must be able to reach out to the inner values and beliefs of the people involved in the project in order to implement change with the people. Clearly, President Mandela has demonstrated his capabilities in becoming the change agent for South Africas unity and progress. President Mandela demonstrates these managerial traits effectively through leading by example and motivating people through his great respect for others and personal humility. His quietly confident manner and strong commitment in conveying his visions and aspirations also encourage others around him to do amazing things that they never thought they are capable of doing before. Able to support, able to develop new ideas and recognize achievement Despite the hostility shown towards his support for the Springboks, President Mandela stood his ground and diligently and courageously attended the rugby matches. He even made an effort to memorise the names of all the players and greeted them personally by their name before the matches and during practices. In order to promote foreign investment in building South Africas economy with is also laden with issues, Mandela administrative team tries to ensure that President Mandela receives wide press coverage whenever he meets with other world leaders to discuss bilateral relationships. 5.0 IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLANATION OF INCIDENTS Executive summary of the two incidents selected. President Mandela read the new concerning the upheaval in management of the Springboks team after he assumes the new position. He started to devise how to unite the people of South Africa and saw rugby as the vehicle that might work to bridge the divide. He understands that most Afrikaners are afraid of losing their identity when a black leader becomes president of the country and that the Springboks rugby team is traditionally very important to the white population. He then decides to use the Springboks as a means to unite the population and the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship as the event that will bring them together. Later when Mandela came to know that a sports committee which comprise all black members voted to change the identity of the rugby team by changing the name, logo and colour of the Springboks to reflect a new and blacker South Africa, he personally hurried to attend the meeting and asked the committee members to rethink their decisions and explain the implicati ons that their decisions might bring onto the unity of the South African population. He managed to get a small following of 13 votes on his side; however, the small majority was enough to keep the Springboks intact. He then forges ahead with his plan to unite the black and white population through rugby. Pienaar also does his part to support President Mandelas commitment to unite the people of South Africa and instill pride in his teammates towards aunited country. In his first attempt to get the message across, Pienaar tries to make his team actually sing the South African national anthem by giving them copies of the anthems lyrics. However, his teammates show clear disinterest and merely scrunch up their copies. Later, they are forced by the President to take occasional breaks from rugby and go out into the poorer areas of South Africa and teach rugby to the natives as a way to inculcate interest of the game to the black natives. At first, only Chester who is the teams sole black player is welcomed by the black children but eventually, after many attempts, the whole team is accepted by the rural population. The team then willingly help introduce the sport to a new generation of children and instil national pride, regardless of race. Involvement of the selected leaders within the incident In the first incident, President Mandela takes it upon himself to make sure that the Springboks are able to maintain their name, logo and colours despite disagreement from the black sports committee members. He stood his ground and clearly conveyed the message across that what he did was for the good of the countrys unity. In the second incident, Pienaar tried to change the attitude of the team players towards embracing their national anthem. Even though he was not successful on his first attempt, the fact that he went on to sing the anthem displayed his willingness to lead by example, hoping that the others will follow suit. Making decision within team, group and individual setting A strategic leader has a team of decision makers to help him reach a consensus when making important decisions. This process of decision-making improves the quality of the decisions, especially when developing crucial planning and policies affecting the country. A strategic leader needs a competent team to support his role. Coupled with his knowledge and skills, a strategic leader can lead a team of high performing individuals to create and develop strategic vision and plans utilising available resources and implementing national policies. Due to the complexity of todays world economy and global issues, a strategic leader of a nation requires the assistance of a forward-looking team of executives to forge ahead with his plans to achieve his vision. Charismatic and transformational roles There are very few leaders who are capable of transformational leadership. However, this is not considered unfortunate as a leaders ultimate job is to keep the organization productive and the people engaged. In certain instances, too much transformation can be chaotic and lead nowhere. In this movie, Mandela was one of the few who can be categorized as a successful transformational leader. He was able to encourage people to believe in themselves so that the organisation can achieve greater heights. For instance, in his first meeting with Pienaar, Mandela explains that a leaders job is to get followers to believe that they are capable of doing more than they think possible. This thinking then leads to the rugby teams victory in winning the World Cup Championship. Leaders with these types of behaviours and attitudes tend to draw followers as people are naturally attracted to those who display strength and inspire belief in others. These charismatic qualities enable effective leadership. 6.0 Critically analyze each of the two and more incidents and consider other options the leaders could have considered and made. Participative leadership, delegation and empowerment Participative leadership style, which is known to be the best type of corporate leadership style in organisations today, allows employees to get involved in decision-making process to a certain extent. This democratic style of employee management creates healthy relationship between management and employees as both sides feel that their involvement is sought in the process of achieving the organizations goals and objectives. This leadership technique also promotes the development of future leaders via their participation in determining a common goal for the organization. As involvement of team members are required in decision making, hidden talents can be unearthed and their leadership qualities polished further. In the first incident, President Mandela asserts his decision to let the Springboks keep their identity but at the same time asks the committee members to reconsider their decision. Although he managed to persuade a small minority (13 votes) to agree with him, the number is sufficient and he looks upon it as a small win, not a total defeat. This displays his participative leadership style whereby instead of using his power and influence to change the committees decision, he asked them to rethink their decision and get them to vote again. For the second incident involving Pienaar, as captain of the team he tried to persuade the other members to sing along the national anthem. However, when the team crushed the paper given to them, he did not reprimand them but went on to sing the anthem. He tried to lead by example, hoping that the team would follow suit once they see him doing so. In encouraging the team to work harder towards achieving their goal of winning the World Cup Championship, Pienaar was seen motivating his team members so that they can all work towards one purpose and perform their best in every match. Pienaar also uses participative leadership to inculcate team spirit and camaraderie. Power and influence Power refers to the capacity a person has to influence the decision of another person so that the person acts according to his wishes. The more power a person has, the higher his influence on the whole system is. Meanwhile, influence causes a change in the attitude or behaviour of others and is more of a process which guides the peoples activities towards appropriate directions in meeting management objectives that have been set. As the President of the country, Mandela has both power and influence. However, he skillfully uses his power and influence to generate respect and support from the people. Pienaar also steadily works his way up to gain trust and respect from his fellow teammates. By commanding their trust and respect, he was capable of transforming the perception of the rugby team and instill pride and higher commitment from them. Managerial traits and skills President Mandela and Pienaar both demonstrate high level of management skills and leadership traits which help them gain support from a population which are initially plagued by centuries of racial divide. Mandela inspirational leadership motivates Pienaar to perform better than he ever thought he could. Through Mandelas quiet self-confidence and charisma, Pienaar was overwhelmed and personally look upon him as a great leader. Based on this motivation, Pienaar encouraged his rugby team to work harder and strive for victory. Leading change Mandelas first meeting with Francois Pienaar displays some important leadership lessons. When Piennar was asked by Mandela on his leadership philosophy, he answers that he believes in leading by example. Mandela concurs with him that leading by example is crucial. In response to another question on how Pienaar inspires people, he affirms that people are inspired through the heart and by what they see. Strategic leadership Strategic leadership refers to leaders who successfully influence large groups of people in organisations to act as required based on established organisational structure, allocated resources and communicated objectives and vision. They are generally functional in a highly complex environment which is influenced by external factors beyond their control. Strategic leaders have to digest information quickly and make correct decisions based on whatever is available to them at the point in time. As such, consequences of their decision affect more people in the organisation and tend to commit more resources. Sometimes, the decisions and initiatives can only implicate long-term plans and may take years to prepare and execute. Ethical issues In this movie, President Mandela transforms the perception of the black natives on rugby which has always been a white sport. Traditionally, the black natives despise the Springboks which they perceive as representing apartheid. By changing the values through this game, Mandela fruitfully changed the tradition of the population as all of them showed great unison in supporting the rugby team as they made their way to victory. Another example of good value that is displayed in this movie is when President Mandela took over the office of President. Although the white Afrikaner staff thought that they will be asked to leave their jobs when a black leader becomes president of the country, they are surprised when President Mandela asked them to continue working as usual and keep them as part of his administrative team. Although Mandela was subjected to a lot of grievances during the apartheid era, he shows strength of character when he does not display vindictiveness towards the white population. Yet he is able to forgive them and concentrate on uniting the racial divide. 7.0 CONCLUSION In summary, the movie Invictus is full of great examples of leadership skills and values. President Mandela exhibited excellent leadership and management skills in bringing unity to the country through sports and Pienaar successfully executed his part to garner the nations support to an overwhelming victory. Clearly, participative leadership and empowerment through consensus and general consultation brings better results compared to exertion of power and influence to move a population. The excellent examples depicted throughout the movie indicate the strength of characters of both President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar. Their strengths shone through when presented by challenges upon challenges as they work their way to realising a united South African population. Charismatic leaders with strong commitment and high confidence can transform the impossible into a possibility and create huge success for the organisation. President Mandela displays his charisma as he successfully attracts followers, who initially disagree with his principles, into participating in activities towards achieving his vision. He effectively nurtures their emotions and encourages their hearts to work towards building the unity and accept differences among them as strengths and think positively for a better South Africa.

Islam Essay -- essays research papers

When the Soviet Union collapsed and the cold war came to an end, the world felt as if it were on the edge of unlimited peace and prosperity. Unfortunately, new issues came to light, such as terrorism. Terrorism is defined by Title 22 of the United States code, section 2656(d) as â€Å"the pre-meditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.† In light of recent terrorist activity in the West, the danger that Islamic terrorism poses to national security and civilian safety has been brought to attention. The Islamic world does not view the West favorably. Some extremists, such as the Hizballah, view the United States as â€Å"the Great Satan.† Although unannounced violent actions against civilians is called terrorism by the West, Muslims view such behavior as religious duty. Most terrorists are viewed within their individual countries as radicals, although some have benefited from gaining wide-spread approval in their region. With popular support behind them, these extremists have declared a holy war, a jihad, against the West, Israel, and all sympathizers of the two. In the jihad, terrorism has been the most used weapon against the enemies of Islam. Although terrorism has been magnified throughout the world recently, jihad is nothing new to Islam. Although jihad did not immediately play a significant role in Islam, the idea of striving for a spiritual good always has played such a role. Jihad does not necessarily involve violent or physical actions. Jihad, when applied correctly, always includes a change in one’s self and mentality, and may involve a giving up of material property, social class, emotional well-being, and comfort for the salvation and worship of al-Lah. The jihad includes an extensive amount of striving for righteousness. Even in contemporary terrorist actions, recruits for suicide missions are trained for righteousness and trained in the matters of personal piety and holiness. Because jihad is a spiritual matter, spirituality is of utmost importance to all who are recruited to join any jihad. One common misunderstanding concerning jihad is the inward nature of jihad. The West tends to think of jihad as a call to outward or external activity, but in the Islamic mind, jihad is a call to all individuals to prepare their hearts and s... ...t it perceives that the terrorism it wages against the West is an integral part of its religion. The West in general and the United States in particular cannot ignore it and should therefore unite their efforts in an attempt to find different means of countering this kind of Islamic terrorism. But, the main success or failure of these terrorist groups does not depend on their religious commentary or authority. It lies in their ability to gain legitimacy from the general public or from the greater part of it in each Muslim country, as well as in the Arab world in a whole. The need for public sympathy and support is a crucial element of every terrorist group without regard to its ideology or political affiliation. However, in a society where religion has so great an influence as in the Arab and Muslim world, the teachings of Islamic groups are perceived by certain parts of society as the true principles of religion. The socio-cultural elements of their teachings are often combined with the secular tradition of hostility toward the West under American authority and toward its protection of Israel and the Jews, who are according to the Quran, â€Å"the worst enemies of the believers.†

Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective :: Psychology

Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral perspective is the idea that if psychology was to be a science, then it must focus on events, which are directly observable on behavior, rather than on mental life. The behavioral perspective maintains the primary emphasis on observable behavior and its relation to environmental events. Behavioral perspective is through reinforcement, which is the idea that patterns of emitted behavior can be selected by their consequences. Cognitive perspective is centered on the description of the nature and development of the representation of knowledge. It comes from three points of view, which are the theory of information processing, the inability of behaviorism to provide a comprehensive account for all aspects of human behavior, and the invention of the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral perspective is the theory that the majority of all behavior is learned from the environment after birth. Freewill is considered to be an illusion, because our environment determines behavior. Behaviorists believe that only behavior should be observed, not our minds, since we cannot see into other people’s minds. There is no way to know if a person is honestly answering a question so it is irrelevant. Behaviorists use strict laboratory experiments, usually on animals, such as rats or pigeons. They test animals because the laws of learning are universal, there are only a quantitative difference between animals and humans, and animals are practically and ethically more convenient to test.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists think that mental processes should and can be investigated scientifically. Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective :: Psychology Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral perspective is the idea that if psychology was to be a science, then it must focus on events, which are directly observable on behavior, rather than on mental life. The behavioral perspective maintains the primary emphasis on observable behavior and its relation to environmental events. Behavioral perspective is through reinforcement, which is the idea that patterns of emitted behavior can be selected by their consequences. Cognitive perspective is centered on the description of the nature and development of the representation of knowledge. It comes from three points of view, which are the theory of information processing, the inability of behaviorism to provide a comprehensive account for all aspects of human behavior, and the invention of the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral perspective is the theory that the majority of all behavior is learned from the environment after birth. Freewill is considered to be an illusion, because our environment determines behavior. Behaviorists believe that only behavior should be observed, not our minds, since we cannot see into other people’s minds. There is no way to know if a person is honestly answering a question so it is irrelevant. Behaviorists use strict laboratory experiments, usually on animals, such as rats or pigeons. They test animals because the laws of learning are universal, there are only a quantitative difference between animals and humans, and animals are practically and ethically more convenient to test.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists think that mental processes should and can be investigated scientifically.

Order of Importance in Goulds Nonmoral Nature :: Nonmoral Nature

Order of Importance in Gould's Nonmoral Nature  Ã‚   Many things can be put into order. Time, people, and events can all be placed in a logical order. The way that things are put into order can greatly affect the impact that they have. In Gould's Nonmoral Nature, the order in which he presents the different points of view is very important. He uses scientists who have been dominant in their profession but that are not commonly known in the begining and middle of his writing. However, to close out his work, he uses the prominent scientist Darwin to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Gould's use of order greatly affects the way that people perceive his work.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Gould's order has two effects on the reader. First, by putting Darwin last, he allows the reader to get acquainted with the ideas of some great minds whom the reader may not have been exposed to before. The reader can then think about these ideas that have ben presented to them and compare them with their own thoughts and ideas. Darwin is known for his theories, therefore people are more apt to assimilate their ideas to his. If Gould were to put Darwin's point of view first, the reader may be less likely to agree with some of the other ideas that are presented in Nonmoral Nature. By putting Darwin last, Gould allowed the reader to form their own opinion and then compare this to Darwin's ideas in the conclusion of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The second effect of Gould's use of order is that the reader, having read Darwin last, may be more inclined to believe the other evidence that in presented in the story. Darwin is a man who is well known and held in high esteem for his studies. With these attributes to his name, Darwin leaves a lasting impact on the reader. After the reader has formed their own thoughts and ideas on the matter of Nonmoral Nature, they are given the chance to Darwin's ideas for the benefit of their own thought.

Discursive Essay Essay

Discursive Essay It is argued nowadays on whether teenagers, who go to school, should be wearing a uniform. There are many advantages but also some disadvantages, such as : All the students wearing the same uniform , which can take the stress off looking better than other students as they are wearing similar attire, and also having a uniform can make a person look smart and respectable, but on the other hand, students can feel that their uniforms are too boring and doesn’t show their personailty or their style well enough, and that for certain schools, uniforms can be expensive, especially if it is a larger family they are being bought for. An advantage of uniforms would be that, all the students are wearing similar clothing, so no-one will feel as if they don’t look good enough or that they have to impress anyone. Students would probably feel this way if it were a non-uniform school, and would be under stress trying to buy new clothes every week or month to impress their classmates. So having a uniform is beneficial to certain people as they may not be as well off as other and won’t be able to afford new clothes all the time. I think this is a very strong point as i agree that students wouldn’t feel pressured to impress their friends with new clothes, and that their parents would save a fortune with a uniform as uniforms only have to be renewed every month or so. Another advantage of uniforms would be that they look smart and respectable, which can give the impression that the student goes to a great school, and that he/she is quite intelligent. Furthermore, some schools that don’t have a dress code, their pupils look casual and it doesn’t look like they even go to school. In addition to that, when schools have a non-uniform day, it can be more exciting because its a day where they can show off their non-school clothes. I strongly agree with this point because students do look more sensible in a uniform rather than casual attire, and i also agree that, when schools do have a non-uniform day, they want to look nice and show off their designer clothes, where as, at a school which has no dress code, they have probably already worn their designer clothes to school, so they would resort to buying even more clothes to impress, which will cost a fortune. Which brings me to my next and final point on the advantages of having a uniform, The cost. Some private schools uniforms may cost considerably more but would you rather pay for a full uniform at a dear price, or buy new clothes every week or two for around the same price range, or more? Most public school uniforms don’t cost an incredible amount, and only have to be renewed after a month or two. I do agree with this point as it is true about having to buy new clothes all the time would cost an awful lot, and that you could buy a full uniform for around the same price. Uniforms may be good in some ways, but some students strongly dislike them for multiple reasons. One disadvantage of uniforms would be the image. The first though that comes into a students head when they see a uniform is that, they look boring, and the reason for this is understandable as uniforms usually consist of one, two, or maybe even three colours, but these colours are usually neutral, boring colours that aren’t very eye catching. But you never really see a uniform that has colours like bright yellow or even multiple colours that would definately make you stand out from the crowd. I do agree with this point very much as uniforms can be extremely dull and boring looking, and wearing a uniform that has colours such as brown or black would probably make you feel quite depressed and unhappy, and i also think that there should be much more colourful uniforms that stand out more. Another disadvantage of uniforms would be the type of clothings schools make you wear, such as skirts. Skirts at any length can make any girl feel uncomfortable, no matter how big or small the girls are. The reason for this is because they may have to show their legs, by wearing knee-high socks, or even wearing tights can be uncomfortable for them as their not used to wearing skirts. In addition to that, when it gets into the winter period, some girls are still forced to wear skirts, even when the temperatures are below 0’C I strongly agree with this, as girls should be aloud to choose whether they wish to wear trousers or a skirt, and i also believe that it is wrong to force girls to wear skirts in the winter period, as they will be freezing going to school. My final disadvantage of uniforms would be that they can hide a students personality, their style, and who they really are, and this really irritates students if the teachers are too strict and will not allow simple jewellery, accessories or extra clothing. I strongly agree with this statement as its true that students should be able to show how unique they are and show their personalities through the way that they dress. Even if its a few extra peircings or a bright hair dye, students should be able to do so as trying different things and styles is part of growing up. Having a uniform prevents this. In conclusion, i believe students should be able to wear whatever they wish to school, and not have to wear a uniform. I say this because uniforms are extremeley boring and depressing if they consist of one, dark, dull colour. And i agree that if the school is very strict about what the students are wearing to school, it can hide the students personality or how unique they are.

Benito Mussolini Essay Founding Father of Fascism

Name: * Teacher: * ENG2D1 27/05/2012 Benito Mussolini, Founding Father of Fascism Mussolini once stated that â€Å"It is humiliating to remain with our hands folded while others write history. It matters little who wins. To make a people great it is necessary to send them to battle even if you have to kick them in the pants. That is what I shall do. † As you would expect words like these from the mouth of Mussolini himself had been the inspirational backing to this dictator’s rain as sole leader of Italy in the Fascist party for nearly 24 years.Before the war, Mussolini formed the Fascist Party of Italy, by gathering the roaring support of many unemployed WWI veterans, like him. He proved to be the founder of Fascism and he had united Italy as one. During the war, Mussolini became power hungry, after joining forces with Hitler and the country of Japan. Hitler had influenced Mussolini to make many poor choices which would ultimately lead to the deaths of the both of them and the slaughtering of Fascism itself.After Mussolini’s fall from power, which occurred in the midst of WWII, Italy was thrown into chaos as the remaining Fascists fought against the partisans and the Italian army was left with no orders as to what they must do. As one may expect, this was just a temporary setback, and Italy once again formed its democracy. This essay will look at Benito Mussolini’s effect on Fascism and Italy before and during the war and after his fall from power. After WWI, Mussolini developed distaste for Socialism and had declared it to be a failure, he called for a new system to be formed, one that would revive the nation of Italy to its former Roman glory.Mussolini utilized a number of books and ideals to form the Fascist system. When discussing the Ideology behind Fascism, Mussolini affirmed that â€Å"Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity, quite apart from political considerations of the mome nt, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. † In 1922, Mussolini had gained the support of a number of Italian war veterans, at this same time Italy was in complete political anarchy, with no real party in power.He had used this as leverage to gain power and eventually make himself the leader of Italy. The King handed over power to Mussolini by inviting him to form his own government. Soon, Mussolini’s Fascist movement had formed into the National Fascist Party. The Fascist party had gradually disassembled the democratic government and gained full support of the military, business class, and the liberals. By 1925, Mussolini’s Fascist party had taken control of Italy and he had given himself the title of ‘II Duce'. With such a title, he holds no responsibility to parliament and can only be removed by the king.He now set out to re-establish Italy as a major European power. In the years to come, Mussolini faced many assassinatio n attempts, one being from an Archaist, this lead to Mussolini outlawing all other parties, in 1926. He coordinated many illegal activities in order to keep himself in power, one such being cooperating with the Mafia to reduce violence in order to make it seem as if the Mafia was defeated. With Mussolini in power, surrounded by greed, and no opposition left standing, the living standard for the average Italian fell greatly.Mussolini knew he needed to do something to prevent uproar from the Italian people. In 1930, an economic depression hit Italy and Mussolini had to find some way to help recover the economy. By 1935, Mussolini had control over three quarters of all business in Italy. He made an attempt at creating government initiatives to combat the economic setbacks and unemployment levels. Most of these failed because they used up valuable resources. Mussolini made it seem as if all was well and these initiatives were working by the means of propaganda.To gain further control of the economy, he issued price and wage controls in 1938. He later attempted to make Italy self-sufficient by instituting high tariffs on trade against all countries except Germany. As one would expect, the whole of Mussolini’s rein, up to this point, had been an utter failure and all he had to defend himself with was propaganda. His first and most important priority was to brainwash the minds of the Italian peoples through careful monitoring and censorship of press, radio, education, and films.In conclusion, before the war, Mussolini had a negative effect on the quality of lives of the Italian people up to this point, and he also has so far proven that although it may have some sense in theory, Fascism when under the wrong leadership can go very bad. In 1939, the threat of war was approaching as tensions were growing in Europe; it was now up to Mussolini to decide which side to choose. It was clear to Mussolini that Nazi Germany had a strong chance of winning if war was to ar ise in Europe and that he would have to join with them now in order to secure Italy’s position as a global superpower in the near future.And so, in 1939, Italy and Germany agree to a military and political alliance, giving birth to the Axis. Soon after, in 1940, Japan joined the Axis. With the war in its beginning stages and Germany already showing strong favor, Italy joined the war. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. Many Italian people were very wiry about the joining of a major war at such a bad time for the economy, but their fears were tarnished by the quick takeover of France in just eleven days. Regardless, Italian soldiers were ill-equipped and poorly trained.These facts became exposed when Italy encountered failures in safeguarding their territory in Northern Africa and the Balkans. Mussolini’s defeated armies were sent to the Soviet Union to help Nazi Germany in their poorly planned invasion on the USSR. This proved to be a fatal choic e, as the thin numbers of the weak Italian army grew even thinner. It was clear that it Italy was to face invasion on its own soil then it would never have the power left to defend. That fact was clear to the allies, and so, in July 1943, the fighting came right to Italy’s doorstep with the invasion on Sicily by allied forces.Things were looking down for Italy, with a portion of southern Italy seized by the allies and a bombing occurring in Rome for the first time in history. Mussolini was losing confidence from his people. Mussolini had proven himself a failure in his handling of the war and he was soon removed from his position by the King. He was arrested almost immediately. With Mussolini powerless, and the nation split in half between the Nazi north and the Allies south, the nation was in anarchy. In time, the Fascist system was overrun and some of Italy changed sides. The Allied controlled south of Italy declared war on Germany on October 13, 1943.Mussolini was rescued from his imprisonment at the Hotel Campo Imperatore during the Gran Sasso Raid, two months after his arrest. Hitler assisted Mussolini in setting up a new regime (Italian Socialist Republic) and during his final two years, Mussolini lived in Northern Italy and spent much of his time writing his own autobiography. Soon, the war was over and the Fascist rein in Italy was over as well as the Nazi rein in Germany. Hitler found solution to this through suicide; Mussolini chose a different solution and decided to make an attempt at fleeing to Switzerland with the remaining members of the Italian Socialist Republic.Mussolini was caught and executed along with the other members of the Italian Socialist Republic which were with him at the time. In conclusion, during the war, Mussolini had had worsened the lives of the Italian people and had proven once and for all that Fascism simply does not work and will never function well enough to be a proper system of government. Mussolini was beaten, having failed the nation he swore to protect, his corpse was left hung upside-down on a meat hook for all of Italy to ease their worries.Following Mussolini’s fall from power, Italy was pushed into further distress. Italy was left without a proper leader and the aftereffects of Mussolini’s poor governing still remained a very real issue to Italians. Strung in poverty, fighting within the government and lack of leadership had tossed Italy into a war within its own borders. And so, in September of 1943, the Italian Civil War began. It was a fight between the remaining supporters of Mussolini (Fascists) and the Parisians. The Fascists still had the support of Nazi Germany and the Parisians had support of the Allies.This was a war within a war, a fight between Italians over governmental system and ultimately for basic freedoms. This war had dragged on until the demolition of Nazi Germany and the surrendering of the final Axis members. The Fascists had been defeated and a n ew system had to be put into place. It all started with elections just as it had nearly 30 years ago before Mussolini was in power. The first democratic vote made resulted in the dissolving of the monarchy, and soon a new prime minister was in place and Italians began to renew their trust in the democratic system.One may think that Mussolini’s legacy did not in fact live on in the governmental system or in the people of Italy, but in fact, it did. Successors of the recently banned National Fascist Party had formed their own parties, the most famous of which being the MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano) which was dissolved in 1995. The MSI was later replaced with National Alliance which still exists today as a party that is in fact opposed to Fascism; its leader even once stated that Fascism is â€Å"an absolute evil†. In conclusion, afterMussolini had died, Italy had recovered very well, and now, thanks to Mussolini, we all know it’s wise to learn from history and never to return back to such an illogical system as Fascism. This essay has looked at Benito Mussolini’s effect on Fascism and Italy before and during the war and after his fall from power. Before the war, following WWI, Italy was in chaos, without a leader and with distrust in the democratic system, Italy had placed its trust in Mussolini and his newly invented Fascist System.During this time, Mussolini made Italians poor and had worsened their quality of lives and thus had been a poor leader. During the war, Mussolini had risked the lives of Italians through carless actions on his part. He allied with the evils of the Nazi Party and sent his men to wars they couldn’t fight when being so ill-equipped and poorly trained. After his death, Italy was once again in chaos, so much so that they entered into a civil war which finally put an end to the Fascist movement. His legacy still lived on in the parties that replaced his.Even though some may wish to forget, his legacy h as become the savior of many more innocent people due to the fact that he proved that Fascism is an evil system that shall never be used again. This report has concluded that Mussolini was an awful leader who divided the nation more then he united it and also that Fascism is too archaic for a sophisticated modern society, such as ours. Work Cited Trueman, C.. â€Å"Benito Mussolini. †Ã‚  History learning site. historylearningsite. co. uk, 2008. Web. 31 May 2012. . â€Å"Head of Government and Duce of Fascist: In Office. â€Å"Wikipedia. Google, 2011. Web. 31 May 2012. . unknown, . â€Å"Historic Figures: Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). †Ã‚  Bbc. co. uk. BBC History, 2011. Web. 31 May 2012. . Mussolini, . â€Å"Benito Mussolini Quotes . †Ã‚  Benito mussolini quotes. N. p. , 2001. Web. 31 May 2012.