Consequences of Mediation of Action

Eden Ettienne Abstract #5 It issaid that community leads to meditation and as a result one looses part of his active self. A man named Robinson Crusoe was involved in a shipwreck, and for 25 years was stranded on an island, alone. He had to learn to adapt to this island and fend for himself. Although impoverished, his story was quite immaculate and extraordinary. His being on the island for so long allowed him to grow a full and intimate relationship with himself and his existence. The truth we as humans are relationalbeings and when alone for so many years, one is deprived of humanity and companionship. Marxists believe that whichever social class one is tied to is the same way he/she will earn a living. Class can have a negative or positive effect on a person. The mediation of action is something no one can undergo, and there are three consequences when involved in such. One is other people become instruments of our will when we execute our actions. Second, consequence is something that affects all of us when dealing with action. And third, meditated actions are the metaphysical distance that is introduced between human beings and their actions. Our social rehearsals for sheltering responsibility should lessenthe increasing gap between acts that are ours and those we appropriate. Meditation cannotbe rid of between ourselves. But however we can try and thwart out some of its negative effects. Loss is a result that affects both the world and us. If we fail in allowing meditation within ourselves, we have failed the community around us, and will lead to the impossibility of individual fulfillment and public kinship.

Midterm Intermediate Macroeconomics Essay

1. How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? Presidential elections and the economy have a very close relationship and they go together hand and hand. Usually when the economy is good and opinion of the government is positive, the incumbent or the party of the last president wins the election. People tend the lean towards why change a good thing. A couple of theories exist in the relationship of the economy and presidents. The first one is that voters will vote for whichever president they feel shares the same economic vales that they have. Usually the poor vote liberal or for bigger government because they think they will provide more economic relief them and their families. The second theory is that the president currently in power will attempt to pass policies that will allow their party to stay in power. So, presidents on their first term will make monetary and fiscal policies close to the election year to stimulate the economy to sway voters. Two examples of how the economy can sway the presidential election against an incumbent are Hoover and George H.W. Bush. Both presidents had economic downturns during their first term in office and were not reelected. Other factors play key roles in presidential elections, but none are bigger than economics. 2. Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of decision making undertaken by individuals (households) and by business firms. Micro looks at the decisions of individual’s actions, like deciding to work overtime or not. Another example is a small business decision on how much to spend of advertising cost. Micro focuses on the supply and demand in an economy, and how businesses can maximize profits. Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole. Macro deals with national items like the unemployment rate, government budget deficit, and money supplied by the FED. Macro deals with aggregates, such as the total output as in the economy. For example, Macro would explore how net exports could affect a nation’s capital. 3. Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This means that in that particular year the economy produced no capital goods at all.† Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain: â€Å"Though net investment can be positive, negative, or zero, it is quite impossible for gross investment to be less than zero.† Gross Investment = Net Investment + Depreciation We can rearrange this to say: Net Investment = Gross Investment – Depreciation The capital stock of an economy rises when net investment is positive, that is when gross investment exceeds depreciation. The capital stock falls when net investment is negative, that is when gross investment is less than depreciation. In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This does not mean the country produced no capital goods: what it means is that the production of capital goods was less than what was lost due to wear and tear, thus the net impact was an overall loss in capital stock. Gross private investment in most cases cannot be negative, since you can decide not to invest in new factories, but how do you decide to make a negative investment on an economy wide scale. The only possible case I can think of, and many will disagree with this, is when China under Mao went for what is now called the â€Å"Great Leap Forward.† Farmers started melting their ploughs and other equipment to provide steel to the government, thus destroying the existing cap ital, without investing in the new one. Thus you are using your effort to destroy what is there: negative gross investment. 4. What are the major factors that have affected U.S. household consumption since the recession in 2001? Many major events have happened in the country and in the world since the year of 2001. The price of oil has skyrocketed causing more Americans to spend money fueling their cars rather than buying goods and services. We have also encountered another recession in 2007 because of risky trading/investment tactics on Wall Street that caused the housing market to crash. This put unemployment at an all-time high since the depression era, and destroyed faith in America’s economic system. Firms were reluctant to investment in the American public because they were afraid we would lose our jobs. Also, we have fought in two wars. One of the wars has been the longest in American history. This dries up resources and ups government spending. The government has less money to investment its citizens and firms have fewer resources to produce products for consumers to buy. 5. Briefly explain how the following would shift the IS function to the right. a.A change to lump-sum taxation (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right.) Decreasing a lump sum tax will shift the IS curve to the right. Decreasing the lump sum tax will increase consumer income, which will cause aggregate demand to go up. b.A change to government spending (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right.) Increasing government spending will shift the IS curve to the right. Increasing government spending will cause aggregate demand to go up, and shift the IS curve to the right. 6. Explain briefly how a change to the following MS, MD, or P (ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). The LM curve deals with interest and income and is sloping upward. When the demand of money and supply of money equal each other the market is at equilibrium. The LM curve shifts when either the supply or demand of money changes. The FED has control over money supplied. a. MS. Increasing money supplied would cause the LM curve to shift to the right. Money supplied would drop interest rates and shift the IS curve to right. b. MD. An increase in money demand would cause the LM curve to shift to the right. Consumers are wanting to spend more which raises GDP c. P. Price is the only one out of the three that a decrease is needed to shift the IS curve to the right. When prices go down wages go down and consumers have less to spend. 7. By how much will GDP change if firms increase their investment by $8 billion and the MPC is .80? If the MPC is .67? MPC .80 = 40 billion. The MPC produces a multiplier of 5. (1/(1-.8))=5. 5Ãâ€"8=40 billion MPC .67 = 24 billion. The MPC produces a multiplier of 3.03030. (1/(1-.67))=3.0303. 3.0303Ãâ€"8= 24.2424 billion 8. Suppose that private sector spending is highly sensitive to a change in interest rate. Compare the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in terms of rising and lowering real GDP. A reduction in the national interest rate will increase the GDP because investments will be in a higher demand. If the FED raises interest rates then investments will go down and lower GDP. If the Fed keeps interest rates low like they have the last couple of years in an attempt to stimulate the economy, GDP should go up. 9. Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of .8 is experiencing severe recession. By how much would government spending have to increase to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $25 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve this same increase in aggregate demand? Why the difference? Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax decreases that would accomplish this same goal. The MPC is the same as Question 7 so we know that it will give us a spending multiplier of 5. The tax cut multiplier is .8/(1-.8)=4. If we want to shift the aggregate demand curve by 25 billion, you would divide the 25 billion wanted by the multiplier of 5. 25/5= 5 billion. Same formula goes to the tax cut but with a multiplier of 4. 25/4= 6.25. Either way you are trying to put money into consumers’ pockets so they will hopefully spend more. The difference is because of the MPC. Only .8 of the tax cut will be spend by consumers. They will save the other .2. A possible combo is an increase of 1 billion in government spending and a 5 billion dollar tax cut. 10. What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large. There are several things the government can do. They can reduce government spending or increase taxes; both ways will put money back into the government’s pocket. Either way the key is putting money back into the government’s pocket. The price level will fall when it is flexible downward. The overall goal of government policy is to provide stability and not have price levels raise slowly not rapidly. Also, the do not want to reduce price levels. Democrats want to preserve the size of government. They favor more taxes and more government spending. GOP favors fewer taxes, reducing government spending, and reducing government power over the citizens. 11. Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. If the demand curve is flat then a reduction or an increment in labor demand does not alter the price (the wage is too much). On the other hand, if the demand curve is steep, then an equivalent change in demand has much bigger change in the wage rates. Empirical results suggest that wages are sticky, and the steep labor demand curve cannot explain this observation. 12. Is sustainable long-run equilibrium always reached when the AD and SAS curves intersect? Why or why not? No. The economy would be in a short-run equilibrium when the AD and SAS curves intersect, and not necessarily in long-run equilibrium. It would be in a sustainable long-run equilibrium if the economy finds itself operating on both the labor demand curve and the labor supply curve. This occurs when the labor demand and labor supply curves intersect, so there is no pressure to change. At this point the actual real wage equals the equilibrium real wage and Y = YN. At any other combination of W, P, and Y, the SAS curve will shift as expectations are adjusted. 13. If the equilibrium real wage remains constant, what happens to the nominal wage when the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation rate? Real Wage Rate = Nominal Wage Rate – Inflation. Taking expectations we can say that expected Real Wage Rate = Expected Nominal Wage Rate – Expected Inflation This can be rewritten as expected Real Wage Rate + Expected Inflation = Expected Nominal Wage Rate. If the equilibrium real wage rate remains constant, while inflation exceeds expected inflation then the nominal wage rate has to rise. 14. â€Å"In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation.† Explain. The government benefits from inflation in two ways. First, it obtains an extra source of revenue, called seignorage or the inflation tax. The government can then lower ordinary taxes or increase spending more than it could otherwise. Second, the government may gain if inflation raises the nominal interest rate by less than inflation itself.

Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay

I teach particular instruction and most of the pupils that I service are with me for reading and written look. I have several English linguistic communication scholars and many of them are at different degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. However, I have had some trouble distinguishing their direction to turn to their specific linguistic communication degrees until I took this class. Bing a particular instruction instructor implies that I am inherently able to distinguish pupil direction. However, before taking these two categories, I lacked specific preparation in schemes for English linguistic communication scholars. These classs jogged my memory as to the huge facets of merely larning any linguistic communication. My particular instruction coursework included the reading, composing, hearing, and talking spheres of linguistic communication, but most of the particular instruction direction focused to a great extent on reading and composing direction, with less accent on speech production and hearing.First IdeaThe first thought that I found insightful was the importance of pragmatics in communicating accomplishments. I did non pass a batch of clip believing about the usage of linguistic communication in societal state of affairss and the specific map of how linguistic communication may be used. The critical facet of propinquity was enlightening. That instructors should be after activities to learn English scholars the appropriate distance for conversation with grownups was fresh to me, as I was non really cognizant that in the United States colloquial distance is one arm & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s length apart.Second IdeaThe 2nd thought that I gained from this class is the significance of semantics in linguistic communication and how that relates to English linguistic communication scholars understanding of specific words and their relationship in overall linguistic communication acquisition. In my schoolroom direction I have struggled with the ind ication and intension of words. I find that pupils frequently have trouble with words that have two or more significances and it is particularly hard for them to retrieve to utilize the word in the appropriate context when speech production or discoursing a narrative or specific subject.Third IdeaThe 3rd thought that I gleaned from this class was about specific schemes for English linguistic communication scholars to develop Tier III vocabulary. I knew small about blood relations and their usage in learning with shared Latin and Greek rooted vocabulary. I am already utilizing bilingual lexicons in my category, nevertheless the word-books are a scheme that I was unfamiliar with and have late implemented in my reading and composing direction.Fourth IdeaIdeas sing idiomatic linguistic communication and the effectual schemes to learn parlances to English linguistic communication scholars were really helpful. The highlighting activity every bit good as the Loop games that allow English s cholars to pattern appropriate parlance use are enlightening and I found both schemes resourceful.Fifth IdeaThe 5th thought I found important involved equality versus equity and the Supreme Court instance Lau vs. Nichols which refined the definition of just instruction for pupils specifically for English linguistic communication scholars. The picture explained the construct of equality as each pupil being given the same installations, course of study, text editions, and instructors does in no manner supply a meaningful instruction to English scholars. However, with the construct of equity, every pupil may non have the same thing, but alternatively their instruction is tailored to run into their specific demands. This tribunal instance appears to hold paved the manner for differentiated direction.Why Identified Ideas are Important to My Teaching AssignmentAll of the thoughts I identified are of import to being an effectual instructor. Lau vs. Nichols is basically important for non me rely English linguistic communication scholars, but for pupils having particular instruction services. Equity is the foundation of differentiated direction, which I pattern daily as all of my pupils are at different instructional degrees and it is indispensable to develop effectual lessons that address academic shortages for each single pupil. Parlances are besides rather hard for pupils with larning disablements and by larning schemes and activities to heighten pupil apprehension of idiomatic linguistic communication will doubtless increase overall comprehension. English linguistic communication scholars with larning disablements will necessitate the necessary cognition to voyage and understand the huge sum of words or phrases that have multiple significances. Ultimately, my end as a particular instruction instructor is to assist pupils develop vocabulary and many of the Tier III vocabulary schemes and activities will help pupils with larning disablements learn new vocabulary in the same manner that English scholars will larn new words.How to Implement Three Ideas into Current Teaching AssignmentThree thoughts I plan to ab initio implement are either separately or in a little group puting. First, during reading direction and composing direction it will non be hard to present the word books to heighten deeper vocabulary apprehension among my pupils with larning disablements that are besides English scholars. Several of my pupils enjoy pulling and art and by leting them to take ownership of their word books through the usage of illustrations, images and exposures, I think this can be a fun hands-on activity that will be ongoing throughout the remainder of the school twelvemonth. I am still learning at a twelvemonth unit of ammunition school and this is a good clip to implement non merely word books, but several other schemes that I learned in this class. Now that I have a deeper apprehension of pragmatics in linguistic communication acquisition, I plan to learn specific societal communicating accomplishments and propinquity through direct direction, mold, and role-playing assorted scenarios. Many of my pupils stand excessively near to their instructors, equals, and other staff members. I hope that by specifically doing it a point to learn appropriate propinquity to English linguistic communication scholars, they will be able to see immediate success. I have already begun learning idiomatic linguistic communication to several pupils by foregrounding phrases I have found in needed reading stuffs. Besides, the Loop games are planned for this hebdomad and I hope the games will heighten overall apprehension of several often used parlances.Expectations and Immediate Results of Implementation of Specified IdeasBy implementing the aforesaid thoughts, I surely expect my pupils to increase Tier III vocabulary, idiomatic linguistic communication activities and pragmatics affecting propinquity preparation. Additionally, by increasing my instructional focal point on supplying the English linguistic communication scholars diagnosed with larning disablements non merely talking and listening chances, but integrating new activities with authorship applications and written look from the really beginning of reading direction. Besides by previewing cardinal vocabulary before listening and prompting the pupils more pointedly on what to listen for dur ing an audio-taped narrative or text, I expect a more favourable result necessary for them to larn non merely appropriate English communicating accomplishments, but furthermore a deeper apprehension of vocabulary word significance. Furthermore, since I have taken this class, I began holding my pupils maintain their ain personal word book with their pick of illustrations, exposures, and/or icons in concurrence with their ain short definitions to help them in remembering the significance of a word. By giving pupils extra authorship pattern with the word book, I hope to better their overall authorship ability. Recently, I began to reexamine the needed narratives from the course of study that my English linguistic communication scholars use and highlight any idiomatic phrases or looks that the pupils may be fighting with on the overhead projector in a little group puting where I can discourse and examine them for understanding.Long Term Results of Implementing Specified IdeasWith the authorization of No Child Left Behind, schools are under utmost force per unit area to show that all pupils will do equal annual advancement toward prescribed educational ends. As a extremely qualified instructor, I am responsible for presenting meaningful direction that meets the demands of all pupils. By implementing specified thoughts, schemes, and activities the long term consequences will be that all pupils will hold a purposeful instruction taking them to a productive and comfortable life, every bit good as being able to pass on efficaciously across a assortment scenes.

Brand, Why are famous brand products attractive people Essay

Brand, Why are famous brand products attractive people - Essay Example â€Å"Brands are not simply products or services. Brands are the sum totals of all the images that people have in their heads about a particular company and a particular mark. Brands absorb everything around them like Imelda Marcos in the shoe department at Nordstrom† (Scott Bedbury, CEO of Brandstream, a Seattle-based marketing consultancy, quoted in Kalin, 2001). Indeed the term has come to refer to not only the images a company produces in order to call their product or services to mind, but also the products sold, the services rendered, the building in which the company is headquartered or even the country in which it originated as well as the methods used to project these ideas and images to the broader public. To remain competitive in the world today, just about anything can be identified with a brand if it is so chosen – companies, museums, hospitals, even individual people (look at Martha Stewart for a prime example). When services are excellent, products exceed expectations, lines are in high demand and the public knows your name, branding can provide a significant assist in boosting international sales. This is the positive side of branding that allows a company to walk into a new country or territory with an already hungry consumer base. According to Aaker (1996), strong brands work for the company to help them establish their proper placement within the international and local marketplace as well as assisting in the development of a strong consumer base through broad recognition of the brand. This recognition then further works for the company by serving as a weapon to counter growing competition in a shrinking market (Barwise & Robertson, 1992). Corporations can then further use this position to help launch new extensions, such as a line of athletic clothes for Nike or a new flavor for Toblerone (Aaker & Keller, 1990). The use of celebrities in this regard has been generally considered

Cross Cultural Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross Cultural Human Resource Management - Essay Example Globalization and the development of international trade have led to the emergence of borderless trade that involves the transfer of capital, goods, service and human resource. This has created significant opportunities to different people across the globe and has increased the scales of operation for different companies whose market has been significantly grown (Denison, Adkins & Ashley, 2011). The emergence of international trade has led to the development of multinational corporations whose scale of operations and management practices goes beyond the domestic borders. Most multinationals adopt different human resource management approaches depending on their domestic culture and practices. However, the expansion into the international business environment has presented a major challenge to multinational in developing more flexible and effective human resources practices that suit cross-cultural settings (Claus, 2008). The choice of human resource management approach adopted by an organization will influence largely its success in the global market, thus making it highly important a management practice. Companies use different models of human resource management, including the use of expatriates, local managers or a mixture of both. This is influenced by the MNCs approach to managing cross-cultural differences that arises in the international context (Tabrizi, Ali & Safar, 2012). In order to help illustrate the essence of adopting better human resource management approaches in cross-cultural setting, this paper will use a case study of Samsung. Samsung is an electronic company based in Seoul, in South Korea but with significant global presence. It is currently considered as one of the leading electronic manufacturers across the globe and thus controls significant global market ratio. The cross-cultural human resource management practices adopted by the multinational company that has enabled it to register the significant growth will be evaluated (Denison, Adk ins & Ashley, 2011). Putting in mind the diversification of cultures, societal values and cultural norms, will greatly enhance management of human resource in a setting where a company is set. For instance, if an American company decides to start a company in Japan, it has to consider the aspect of interpersonal relations given the fact that Japanese shake hands and do not make body contacts in public yet America is a free society where no one minds how you interact on corporate issues. Corporate and organizational cultures Organizational culture influences the behaviour of employees towards each other within the organization and the way they represent the organization in market. Organizational culture is defined as a set of behaviour that is nurtured and encouraged within an organization as identical set of behaviours and codes. Within the multinational setting, organizational culture is influenced by the company headquarter and this depends on the cultural setting and behaviour wi thin the country. Different organizations and multinationals define employee relationship and behaviour towards each other and towards the top management in different ways. The hierarchal system of management and authority in an organization is also determined by the organizational culture and behaviour and this depends on the societal culture and power distance (Van Der Westhuizen, Pacheco & Webber, 2012). Corporate cultures within organization differs and this is significantly influenced by the

Business Questions on Ethics, Strategic Plan etc Essay

Business Questions on Ethics, Strategic Plan etc - Essay Example Religion is not just about beliefs. In fact, the religion guides its followers towards a complete way of life that is ethically justified and is meant to spread peace in the society. The different standards of ethics amongst communities dwelling in the same place fundamentally arise from the difference of religious teachings of the different communities. People living in a certain place have their customs, values, and traditions that are a reflection of the geographic, political, and socioeconomic history of that place. Over the time, the customs and traditions approved by a vast majority of the people are recognized as ethics in that society. Ethics play a very important role in the business today. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that the world today is not as healthy and clean place to live in as it once was. This is primarily attributed to the false and objectionable business practices that have been in place over a long time in the history. There is a greater emphasis from the society upon healthy business activities to reduce the negative environmental effects of the business. The term used for environment-friendly businesses is â€Å"green business†. Companies are encouraged to compete with one another to become greener as it is seen as one of the pre-requisites of success for the company. On the other hand, businesses today are expected to fulfill the demands of corporate social responsibility, which essentially means that a business that is only profitable to the business owner today is not sufficient. In order for the business owner to be successful and gain competitive advantage, it is imperative that the business benefits the society as well. It may benefit the society in a number of ways that include but are not limited to reducing unemployment, finding the cure of diseases, creating knowledge, and doing research and development for the benefit of the society. Over the time, people have become more conscious about their health and safet y which has imparted a need for the regulatory bodies to oblige the entrepreneurs to abide by the rules of ethics so that the business can be made greener, and its positive role in the development of the society as a whole can be enhanced. Q. 2 Answer The strategic plan can be considered as a kind of business plan, though there are certain differences between the two. The main purpose of making a strategic plan is to implement an organization’s strategic direction and manage it, thus it is made once the organization or business has been established already whereas the business plan is required at the stage of starting a new business, gathering the required funds, and directing its operations. In this way, the strategic plan is helpful for the businesses that are already established but need to be expanded but the business plan makes an entrepreneur prepared to commence a new business. â€Å"The business plan examines the business’ potential for success, the competing industry and the business’ competitive advantages† (Smith). The timeframe covered by the strategic plan is different from that covered by the business plan. While the time covered by a strategic plan ranges from three to five years in general, the business plan is commonly made to last for a year only. The strategic plan is critical to enlarge the revenues and maximize the return on investment of a business as it prioritizes the resources while the business plan is needed when the entrepreneur needs funding. The strategic pla

Leadership Development Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Leadership Development - Dissertation Example Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Purpose of the study "Leadership development needs organization managers," Whilst in the past, as our research shows, most observers and experts had tended to view Leadership, and leadership development, as an independent area of consideration within the corporate structure, over the past two decades it has been increasingly seen to be an integral part of the total organization management system itself. Consequently, research often links the two areas together. There are an abundance of studies and research documents confirming this fact. These include that of Zaleznick (1977), who defined the leader as the person who brings about change, with the manager being the controller of those changes. Kotter (1990, p. 103) projected the view that "management is about coping with complexity. Leadership, by contrast is about coping with change". The purpose of this report is to examine the validity of the hypothesis. 1.2. Specific Objective This central objective of this report is to examine the opening hypothesis in order to arrive at a conclusion as to its validity and importance. 1.3. Delimitations For the purpose of this report, we have limited our study to the subject as it relates to a commercial organization, in preference to organizations in the public or charitable sector, although in reality the same principles would form the basis for measuring the successful future growth pattern for all of these structures. 1.4. Significance Our study covers the current thinking and research in respect of the leadership developments and its application in the corporate environment, including an analysis its importance and relevance. At the same time, we have reviewed and studied the research available regarding the... The literature will reveal how changes have occurred between these three elements, with the initial concept of management, which has been around since the early part of last century, is seen as the driving force behind the business. Later management was to lose its significance, giving way to the relatively new concept of leadership, with this taking a prominence in the thoughts of corporations and researchers alike. We will see how the views of business analysts and researchers for a period separated leadership and leadership development from management and conducted studies of these in these areas as almost diverse entities, emphasizing the differences between the two. For example, the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (1997), in their study on the subject, concluded that – â€Å"Managing and leading are two different ways of organizing people. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions.† Dr. Paul Harborne (2001) and Stormy Friday (2002) within their respective papers also emphasized differences that exist between these conceptions, stressing the importance that this represented in business terms. However, more research has moved away from these theories, suggesting now that in fact, there is an interrelationship between the leadership and management, and that a competitive and successful business is best achieved in an environment where leadership development and the organization's managers work in partnership.

Economic Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Modelling - Essay Example Moreover, most employed individuals may opt do drop out of employment in the event they perceive employment benefits to be more viable than their income (Lalive, Vanours & Zweimà ¼ller, 2011). As a result, it is essential to verify the validity of these perceptions based on evidence from empirical data. The United Kingdom has over the years between 2004 and 2014 been experiencing a consistent rate of unemployment (Statista, 2014). As a result, it is evident that there are significant factors that have contributed to the level of the unemployment during the period. On the other hand, one of the consistent trends that have been witnessed in the United Kingdom labour market during the period is the allocation of unemployment benefits by the United Kingdom government (Office for National statistics, 2014). As a result, there are major possibilities that there is a correlation between the allocations of unemployment benefits in the United Kingdom and the rate of unemployment. The study is based on empirical data gathered from the United Kingdom’s labour market. In order to verify the effect of unemployment benefits on unemployment information regarding unemployment and unemployment data was gathered for a ten year period ranging between 2004 and 2014. Thus, in order to evaluate the reliability unemployment and unemployment another set of data that correlates with unemployment will be used. Hence, the relevant alternative set of data for the study will be based on inflation data for the relevant period of the study. This is due to the fact that most of the major unemployment levels in any labour market are caused by requirement of market forces to sustain optimum levels of inflation (Arnold, 2010 pp. 382). Whereas the rate of inflation will be necessary for this study it will be essential in outlining any other potential indicators of increase in the levels of employment in United Kingdom. Therefore, the study will be aimed

DIGITAL DIVIDE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DIGITAL DIVIDE - Essay Example Based on the attributes, scores were developed and the scores became the basis for building an overall score on digitization with a scale of zero to 100 with 100 representing as the measure with the highest level of digitization. The Global Technology Report 2012 defined digitization as â€Å"the mass adoption of connected digital technologies and applications by consumers, enterprises, and governments† (Dutta & Bilbao-Osorio, 121). However, the way that The Global Information Technology Report of 2012 defined the economies appears to indicates that no other finding would be possible except the finding that as an economy move from a constrained economy into an emerging economy and then ultimately into a transitional economy and eventually into an advanced economy, digitization would increase. â€Å"Constrained economies† were defined as economies with digitization scores below 25, â€Å"emerging economies† with digitization scores of 25 to 30, â€Å"transitional economies† with digitization scores of between 30 to 40, and â€Å"advanced economies† with digitization scores of greater than 40 (Dutta & Bilbao-Osorio, 122). Expectedly, The Global Information Technology Report of 2012 obtained Figure 1 on the relation between economy type and digitization for 150 economies of the world. Based on The Global Information Technology Report of 2012 , the constrained and emerging economies include Ethiopia, Morocco, India, Egypt, China, Algeria, Thailand, Indonesia, Kenya, Angola, Lao PDR, Cuba, Iraq, Bangladesh, Uganda, Peru, Mongolia, Georgia, and Guatemala. The transitional economies include Turkey, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Mauritius, and Chile. Finally, the advanced economies include the United States, Canada, Switzerland, South Korea, Austria, and Australia. The countries enumerated are representative countries only. The association between GNP per capita and digitization

Facebook Privacy Restrictions Essay Example for Free

Facebook Privacy Restrictions Essay It is alarming how fast technology is improving. Nowadays, it seems like having a Facebook account is a daily necessity or even a trend. According to a research done by TIMES magazine, more than one in four people who browse the Internet not only have a Facebook account but have returned to the site in the past thirty days. It is truly alarming how much Facebook has expanded. â€Å"Sometime in the next few weeks, Facebook will officially log its 500 millionth active citizen. † (Fletcher, 2010, TIMES, p. 6) Fletcher (2010) also stated that Facebook would be the world’s third largest country by population, which is two- thirds larger than America, if it were granted terra firma. With such a high popularity, an increasing number of Facebook users had raised the issue on privacy – limiting what others can say about you and who can say it. I believe that everyone does have the right to privacy. However, when it comes to sharing information on such a virtual yet convenient media, the Internet, can privacy restrictions really be achieved that easily and securely? In addition, will Facebook take that chance to make a major loss in its business? Devils are in the details. The Facebook’s Terms of Use may not be as fair and protective on their users’ privacy disclosure. As argued by Yoder in his website article â€Å"Top Ten Reasons You Should Quit Facebook†, Facebook not only compels its users to keep updating by threatening to terminate their accounts, it also states that it owns your data. Some may argue that these terms may only be set to defend the interests of Facebook. However, who can protect the interests of the many Facebook users? Being such a broadly used media, is it not the least reasonable to review the ethics policy and start readjusting the privacy settings? On the other hand, Facebook is not the only one to take the blame. The account users may have most likely overlooked the Terms of Use and simply jumped to click on the â€Å"I Agree† button just to start using Facebook as soon as possible. When these users found out that things are not going as they had expected, they start pointing their fingers to others and maybe neglecting their own responsibilities on the faults. Readjusting the privacy settings seems to be the only solution. However, who really has the persistence to fight for the change? How many people are really willing to give up the most widely- used socializing network just to defend a right that may take a considerable time to be protected? This shows successfulness of Facebook’s tactic – allowing a channel for emotional investments of its users and creating a cultural shift, making the public more accustomed to openness. The research done by TIMES magazine founded that over seventy percent of current Facebook users expressed negative feelings when asked how life would be like without Facebook. This may be attributed to Facebook’s development of a formula for the precise number of aha! moments a user must have before he or she is hooked, reported from an interview with the CEO (Fletcher, 2010, TIMES, p. 19). If the users leave Facebook, they might get the oh-no! moment in which they find out how much social updates they had missed. Facebook had been so successful in making itself indispensible. Who would really want to lose the connection? Some may have tried to remove their accounts. However, Yoder (2010) revealed that it is difficult to genuinely delete your account. Facebook will only deactivate your account but you will still be spammed by Facebook. Facebook is not really worried about losing its users because of the uproar on privacy control on its site. Similar protest had been demonstrated before such as the default settings of news feeds on the website which allows the action of a user to be published on the social update wall of their friends. Now, it seems silly to protest against news feeds. Though the nature of the two incidents are not at most similar, Facebook has so little to worry about as it is still operating within the restrictions set by the law. It is a frustrating matter to define the suitable extent of restriction on privacy for data disclosure on the Internet. Protection is undeniably necessary. However, when it comes to security on such a virtual ground, it seems the only one who can protect you is yourself.

Hotel Roles And Responsibilities

Hotel Roles And Responsibilities Classification of hotel facilities is not based on rigid standards. On marketplace forces, touchstones, location, mathematical function, and the definitions can change, depending and preference, but the definitions that follow are generally accepted and are the ones intended for these classifications throughout this textual matter, in some cases, personal. A hotel usually offers guests a full range of accommodations and services, which may include reservations, suites, public dining and banquet facilities, lounge and entertainment areas, room services valet, laundry, hair care, swimming pool, gym, sauna, spa and other recreational activities, gaming/casino operations, ground transportation to and from airport, and concierge services. Motels: Motels offer guests a limited range of services, which may include reservations, vending machines, swimming pools, and cable television. The size of these properties averages from 10 to 50 units. Motels are usually in suburban highway and airport locations. Guests typically stay overnight or a few days. Motels may be located near a freestanding restaurant. All suites: It may include reservations, living room and separate bedroom, kitchenette, optional public dining room and room service, cable television, videocassette players and recorders, specialty shops, personal services valet and laundry, swimming pool, and ground transportation to and from an airport. The size of the operation can range from 50 to more than 100 units. This type of property is usually found in centre-city, suburban, and airport locations. Limited-Service Hotels: The range of accommodations and services may include reservations, minimal public dining and meeting facilities, cable television, personal computers, personal services (valet and laundry), and ground transportation to and from an airport. They are usually located near restaurants for guest convenience. Guest stays can be overnight or long-term. These properties sometimes specialize in catering to the business traveller and offer special business technology centres. Extended-Stay Hotels: At Hiltons Homewood Suites, the following room amenities are included: king-size bed or two double beds in the bedroom and foldout sofa in the living room; two remote-controlled colour televisions; fully equipped kitchen with a microwave, refrigerator with ice maker, coffeemaker, twin-burner stove, and kitchen utensils; a spacious, well-lit dining area; and ceiling fans and iron and ironing board. Additional hotel services include a business centre, an exercise room, and a pool. 2 Roles and responsibilities of accommodation and reception staffs Hotel receptionists are responsible for making guests feel welcome, checking them in and out efficiently, and dealing professionally with enquiries, face to face and by phone, fax or email. They deal with general reservation enquiries, as well as answering guests questions and dealing with complaints. Duties will often include: allocating rooms to guests taking and passing on messages preparing bills, taking payment, and handling foreign exchange Helping guests with special requests such as storing valuables in the hotel safe or luggage area, ordering taxis or booking theatre tickets. Figure 1 Medium size full service hotel organisation chart Their main tasks are: changing the bed linen and making beds emptying bins, vacuuming floors, and washing glasses and cups replenishing stocks of guest supplies, such as tea, coffee and biscuits Tallying up items consumed from the mini-bar. 2.1 Identifying responsibilities of reception service staff Receptionists are usually the first people hotel guests encounter, particularly in those hotels where hall porters are not employed. They thus occupy a gatekeeper role, frequently bearing the responsibility for guests first impressions of the hotel. In fact, the responsibilities that receptionists bear for that image of the hotel arguably extend beyond first impressions. E.g. Receptionists of Hilton hotels regularly being involved in book-keeping, letter writing, inventory taking, typing, record keeping, answering queries, filing, taking reservations, dealing with mail and lost property, dealing with room changes, taking payments of customers bills, banking monies, holding responsibility for room keys and producing reports and statistics. 3 Legal and statutory requirements for rooms division operations The following legal and statutory requirements must be met by the Hotels in the UK: Duty to guests Employment Pension Environment Food/ Hygiene Health Safety Guest information Insurance Intellectual property Licensing tourism Local national tax Planning zoning Other (Bureau de change) 4. Front of house area effective management The Front of House Manager will be responsible for providing a high standard of customer service in order to maintain the customer loyalty from the general public and visiting companies, as well as to maximise revenue from Bar, Kiosk and Cafà ©, hotels the post holder will report to the Operations Manager, and work closely with the senior management team. He/she will be in the front line of customer liaison. Responsibilities: To maintain safe and friendly environment for all theatre visitors. To give strong and effective management To develop and encourage high standards of customer service. To control and report on costs (staff and stock control). To manage the Front of House sales facilities. 5. Planning for managing the front of house area A little planning on the front office managers part is required to ensure that the new employee meets the entire staff in the first few days. Saying a few words about the role of each employee during the introductions will not only make new hires feel more comfortable with their co-workers but also make each current staff member feel like a special part of the team. The current staff will also appreciate meeting the new addition to the staff. Very often, this procedure is overlooked, and new employees feel awkward for days or weeks. 6. Operational issues affecting management and business performance The front office team have the common goal of providing hospitality to the guest. Training, empowerment, and flexibility are necessary to make the team work. Forecasting, scheduling, developing a supervisory style, motivating personnel, balancing staff personalities, delegating tasks, training, and effectively communicating are only a few of the skills a good supervisor must master. It is a lifelong effort developed through continuing education and trial and error. 7. Importance of property interiors and design to effective management This is important to positioning the front desk to allow front office personnel a view of guests who enter the lobby from the street entrance and elevators. The guests first impression is enhanced by the ambience, physical appearance, and orderliness of the equipment and personnel. The front office manager must establish a balance between guest service and work processing to allow for efficiency. Figure 2 Front office layout 8. Aspects of planning and management of the accommodation service Planning is very important to delivering continuous quality service in hotels, as defined by the guest. Successful extension of hospitality starts with managements commitment to a service management program. Preparing a service strategy statement will focus the planning efforts of the owners, management, and employees. Principles of total quality management provide a manager with an opportunity to involve frontline employees in analyzing the components of delivery of service and methods to improve existing services. The development of the service management program requires the involvement of frontline employees, discussion of the guest cycle, moments of truth, employee buy-in concept, screening of potential employees prior to hiring, empowerment, training, evaluation of the service management program, follow-through, and interfacing with other departments in delivering hospitality. A long-term commitment to a successful service management program is necessary. 9. Operational issues affecting the management and performance of the accommodation service There are some issues affecting this sector such as: Environmental Social Legal Economical Technological Political etc. 10. Yield management techniques Achieving the best yield involves redefining the use of occupancy percentage and average daily rate. Although these concepts are important to the long-range potential financial picture, they take on a new meaning with yield management. Optimal occupancy, achieving 100 percent occupancy with room sales, which will yield the highest room rate, and optimal room rate, a room rate that approaches the rack rate, work together to produce the yield. 10.1 Yield management strategies E. Orkin offers a simple policy for developing strategies to implement yield management: when demand is high, maximize rates; when demand is low, maximize room sales. These concepts are portrayed in Table 1. Orkin also offers some specifics on developing strategies. He says that when demand is high, restrict or close availability of low-rate categories and packages to transients [guests], require minimum length of stays, and commit rooms only to groups willing to pay higher rates. When demand is low, provide reservation agents with special promotional rates to offer transients who balk at standard rates, solicit group business from organizations and segments that are characteristically rate sensitive, and promote limited-availability low-cost packages to local market. Restricting or closing availability was indeed a challenge because most front office managers were familiar with the sell out the house operating procedure and were unsure if this aggressive marketing tactic would work. Some hoteliers were setting reservation policies that required minimum length of stay during heavy demand periods. The procedure recommended for low demand (special promotional rates and soliciting group and local business) was the strategy used during any demand period. As yield management continues to be tried and tested in hotels, various combinations of maximizing room rates and room sales will continue to challenge hoteliers. Table 1 Yield Management Strategies Demand Strategy High Maximise rates, require minimum stays Low Maximise room sales, open all rate categories The following strategies can be taken to maximise occupancy and room revenue: Forecasting room sales, setting strategies to generate revenue Block-out Periods high demand periods require to block out certain days Systems Procedures using automated system that will process reservations, track demand, and block out room availability during certain time periods Feedback on decisions employed in yield management to set right strategies 11. Sales techniques that can use to promote and maximise revenue The objective of the sales incentive program for front office employees is to encourage the front office to promote products and services in various areas of the hotel, including the front office, the food and beverage department, the gift shop, and the health facilities. Each promotional area may be considered, or the front office manager might choose only a few areas, perhaps those that generate the most revenue, as incentive targets. A few examples follow: Upgrading a reservation during registration Selling a meal in the hotels restaurant Selling room service 11.1 Creative ideas When developing a program to increase front office sales activity, the front office manager, in conjunction with other department directors and employees, should identify as specifically as possible the hotel products and services to be promoted. In this case, the overall purpose of the program would be to maximize sales by the front office staff of front office, food and beverage department, gift shop, and health facilities products and services. The team must decide which area or areas would be most profitable. 12. Purpose of forecasting and statistical data within room division An important feature of yield management is forecasting room sales. Orkin suggests using a daily-decision orientation rather than a seasonal decision-making scheme in developing a particular strategy. Accurate forecasting of transient demand will assist hoteliers in developing strategies to maximize sales to this group. For example, if a hotel has group business reservations for 95 percent of available rooms, seeking transient business with special promotional packages during that time period would not be advisable. If the period following the group business is low, then advance knowledge of this information will allow time for marketing and sales to develop special promotional packages aimed at the transient and local markets. 12.1 Limitations of employing forecasting techniques Forecasting should be used to generate revenue by forecasting the volume of customers and allocating resources where it fits. Managers need to make sure that they have enough available rooms to control the guests flow. As we know more guests brings more revenue. 13. Performance indicators to measure the success of room sales A general manger who reviews the report of a recent five-day block-out period, as depicted in Table 2, would find that the period restricted for a five-day minimum length of stay worked well for May 1-3, but 178 room reservations were lost for May 4-5. The director of marketing and sales will have to research the contracts the hotel had with the various groups involved. Also, the front office manager should ask if the front desk clerks, bell staff, or cashiers heard any guest comments on why they checked out earlier than scheduled. The turn away business on May 3-5 might also indicate that the convention events scheduled on these days were more interesting or that the members of this group did not want to commit to a five-day stay and wanted reservations for only the last three days of the convention. Table 2 Turn away business report Date Yield % No. Rooms Turned away $ Lost @ $95 Rack Rate May 1 98 35 3,325 May 2 96 20 1,900 May 3 93 60 5,700 May 4 50 90 8,550 May 5 50 88 8,360 13.1 Considerable factors to review the performance of sales manager Were the anticipated profits outlined in the budget achieved? Use of a VIP Guest Card indicates to the restaurant manager that the guest was referred by the front desk clerk. Similar types of controls will enable management to pinpoint the origins of room reservations, gift shop purchases, and other sales. A recordkeeping system must be established to reflect the amount of money awarded to front office employees as incentives to increase sales in targeted areas and the directors should consider these costs in terms of generating revenues. The details of this recordkeeping system must be worked out with the various department directors and the controller. 13.2 Present and communicate appropriate findings of the Sales manager Front office management includes helping to promote the overall profitability of a hotel. Developing a point-of-sale front office involves developing a plan of action, which includes setting goals and objectives, brainstorming areas for promotion, evaluating alternatives, discussing supportive areas for consideration such as incentive programs and training programs, projecting anticipated revenues and related expenses in a budget, and preparing feedback mechanisms. This simple framework for planning will allow front office managers the opportunity to gain a larger perspective on the issue rather than pushing forward with desperate efforts to produce sales.

Effects of Law Changes on Tourism Industry Essay -- Law Legal Tourism

This essay will discuss how recent changes in the law may impact the tourism industry, because the industry is extremely vulnerable when it faces these emendations in the regulations and this is why politics contributes towards these impacts. Governments constantly introduce different laws which every individual and business must follow or adapt to, organisations often have to change the way they operate due to new policies. These alterations cost lots of capital, in failure to follow the rules, organisations can face prosecution. For example if customers feel that the facility doesn’t meet their needs e.g. wheelchair users in a shop with not lift to access the upstairs section, they may feel discriminated and sue the organisation. The purpose of laws in the society is to protect the public and organisations as it allows to distinction in what is right and wrong, it also gives the authority to take actions against wrongness. According to Soanes and Stevenson (2006) law is a rule or system recognised by a country or community as regulating the actions of its member and enforced by the imposing of penalties. Howlettt (2010) stated that there are two types of laws: Criminal law which is concerned with offences against society at large crimes persecuted by the states, and these cases, if of non-serious nature, are heard in magistrate court but if of serious nature, they will be heard in the crown courts and tried by jury. Civil law in the other hand is concerned with disputes between private parties, for example consumers and supplies, injured party, issue damage or injunction, and these cases are heard in county court. Laws have continuously impacted the tourism industry, going back to the deregulation act 1978 that changed the f... ...in, M. (2008) THE IMPACT OF LOWER VAT RATES ON UK VISITOR ATTRACTIONS AND ACCOMMODATION [online]. Available at: http://www.tourismsoutheast.com/files/market-intelligence/pdf/The%20Impact%20of%20Lower%20VAT%20Rates%20on%20UK%20Visitor%20Attractions%20and%20Accommodation.pdf [accessed: 20 October 2010] Wallop, H. (2010) Tax rise will end benefits brought by air travel, warns BA. The telegraph [Online]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travHYPERLINK "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html"eHYPERLINK "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html"lnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html [Accessed: 09 November 2010] Effects of Law Changes on Tourism Industry Essay -- Law Legal Tourism This essay will discuss how recent changes in the law may impact the tourism industry, because the industry is extremely vulnerable when it faces these emendations in the regulations and this is why politics contributes towards these impacts. Governments constantly introduce different laws which every individual and business must follow or adapt to, organisations often have to change the way they operate due to new policies. These alterations cost lots of capital, in failure to follow the rules, organisations can face prosecution. For example if customers feel that the facility doesn’t meet their needs e.g. wheelchair users in a shop with not lift to access the upstairs section, they may feel discriminated and sue the organisation. The purpose of laws in the society is to protect the public and organisations as it allows to distinction in what is right and wrong, it also gives the authority to take actions against wrongness. According to Soanes and Stevenson (2006) law is a rule or system recognised by a country or community as regulating the actions of its member and enforced by the imposing of penalties. Howlettt (2010) stated that there are two types of laws: Criminal law which is concerned with offences against society at large crimes persecuted by the states, and these cases, if of non-serious nature, are heard in magistrate court but if of serious nature, they will be heard in the crown courts and tried by jury. Civil law in the other hand is concerned with disputes between private parties, for example consumers and supplies, injured party, issue damage or injunction, and these cases are heard in county court. Laws have continuously impacted the tourism industry, going back to the deregulation act 1978 that changed the f... ...in, M. (2008) THE IMPACT OF LOWER VAT RATES ON UK VISITOR ATTRACTIONS AND ACCOMMODATION [online]. Available at: http://www.tourismsoutheast.com/files/market-intelligence/pdf/The%20Impact%20of%20Lower%20VAT%20Rates%20on%20UK%20Visitor%20Attractions%20and%20Accommodation.pdf [accessed: 20 October 2010] Wallop, H. (2010) Tax rise will end benefits brought by air travel, warns BA. The telegraph [Online]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travHYPERLINK "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html"eHYPERLINK "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html"lnews/air-passenger-duty/8095665/Tax-rise-will-end-benefits-brought-by-air-travel-warns-BA.html [Accessed: 09 November 2010]

History :: essays research papers

Robert E. Lee: this Confederate commander outgeneraled McClellan. Jefferson Davis: first and last president of the confederacy, he wasn’t a very good president even though he served at the Mexican war. Ulysses S. Grant: wasn’t good at anything except war, but he was one of the best at that. With the help of gunboats, Grant captured two major Confederate forts: Fort Henry on the Tennessee river and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland river. The latter exploit gained him a nickname. When the Confederate commander asked for surrender terms, Grant replied â€Å"No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.† From then on, Grant was known as unconditional surrender Grant. Abraham Lincoln: Stonewall Jackson: commanded an army from Virginia. Got the name Stonewall for being the main rason the confederate won the first battle of bull run. William T. Sherman: commander general appointed by Grant to command the Union army in Tennessee. His army was able to fight I way from Tennessee through Georgia to the Atlantic coast and then move north through the Carolinas. P.G.T. Beaureguard: commander general for the confederate army, April 12th 1861 he gave order to fire the cannon at Fort Sumter. This was the start of the Civil War. William McClellan: Copperheads: Northern Democrats Ironclads: first type of submarines. Did not play a big role but where new technology made during the war. Ft. Sumter: By the time Lincoln was inaugurated this was one of the last two forts in confederate states that remained in Union hands. It stood at the mouth of the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. It was built out of heavy brick but was within easy range of cannon positioned on the nearby shore. Confederates wanted to take control of this fort because it symbolized union power. On April 12th when the first shots were fire on Ft. Sumter is began the Civil War. Battle of Antietam: First battle of Bull Run: Here at the little creek of Bull Run Northern soldiers confronted an equally inexperienced Confederate army. The civilian population was similarly unacquainted with the realities of war. In Washington ladies and gentlemen put on their best clothes and mounted their carriages and horses. Carrying picnic baskets and iced champagne they rode out to observe the battle. At first the Union forces had the upper hand. In the middle of the day more Virginian troops arrived with Stonewall Jackson. The made a very strong stand which gave their general the name Stonewall.

Loss of Faith in Elie Wiesels Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel Night Essays

Loss of Faith in Elie Wiesel's "Night" Night is a dramatic book that tells the horror and evil of the concentration camps that many were imprisoned in during World War II. Throughout the book the author Elie Wiesel, as well as many prisoners, lost their faith in God. There are many examples in the beginning of Night where people are trying to keep and strengthen their faith but there are many more examples of people rebelling against God and forgetting their religion. The first example of Elie loosing his faith is when he arrived at Auschwitz. Elie and his father are directed to go to the left. A prisoner then informs them that they are on their way to the crematory. Elie's father recites the Kaddish or prayer for the dead. Revolt rises up inside of Elie and he questions God. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for? (Wiesel 31) Another example of prisoners in the concentration camp loosing their faith in Night is when the pipel, a young child, was hung in front of the whole camp. The pipel was the Oberkapo?s servant. The Oberkapo was the leader of the fifty-second unit. He never struck or insulted the prisoners who worked under him ,that is why the prisoners loved him . Even though most pipels were cruel and hated, this one had the face of a sad angel and was loved by all. The Oberkapo was suspected in the intentional explosion of Buna?s electric power station. He...

Life and Oxygen Essay

This assignment requires answering questions based on the exhibit â€Å"The Earliest Traces of Life† at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. The exhibit that you are to see is on the right side as you enter the Rotunda from Jefferson Street. Enter the exhibit hall under the dinosaur banner. As you go through this doorway, the exhibit is located to the right. For additional information on the location, hours, ect., go the museum web site at www.mnh.si.edu and click on the Information desk link. Study the exhibit and answer the following questions. Submit your answers in Blackboard. Please view the short movie that comes along with the exhibit. Early Atmosphere 1. How abundant was oxygen in the early atmosphere? The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere was abundant, however, due harmful radiation waves from the sun, photosynthetic systems such as plants were not able to evolve thus leaving the state of oxygen subtle. 2.What evidence do scientists have that the oxygen content of our atmosphere has increased since the earth’s origin? The O-zone layer is composed of 3 oxygen atoms formed after photosynthetic organisms release an extra oxygen molecule into the atmosphere. 2. Why is oxygen more abundant in the atmosphere today? Because of the high amount of plants that produce oxygen which were not here in the early stages of life on earth 3. What are stromatolites? Stromatolites are the bindings of microorganisms on rocks and stones, usually submerged underwater, these rocks are usually used as samples for the earliest signs of life 4. What do scientists think is implied by the presence of stromatolites in Precambrian rock? Scientists would conclude that life was formed underwater and the process of evolution eventually allowed multi-cellular organisms to make their way off the ocean and/or bodies of water. 5. What is ozone and how is it produced? The o-zone layer is the protective layer made of 3 oxygen atoms, it is usually formed by the extra oxygen resulted from a photosynthetic organism. 6. Why is ozone important to life today? Because it protects us from ultra-violet rays from the sun which are extremely harmful and sometimes fatal to all life forms. 7. What effect did increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere have on early life forms? It caused organisms that were not light and/or oxygen dependent to disappear as mammals and other multi-cellular organisms began to take over.

The Effects of Bullying on Academic Achievement

THE EFFECT OF BULLYING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF LEARNERS IN HIGH SCHOOLTHE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDYBullying has become a challenge that numerous schools are battling with. Olweus (1995), noted that bullying happens at schools during times when a person is exposed over and over again to negative behaviour which can be either verbal or physical to one or more learners. Olweus also noted that a bullying relationship requires an inequality of strength or power over the other person. Dillon and Lash (2005) made a similar explanation about bullying, showing that bullying involves repeated aggressive behaviour being done by learners who have seem to have an advantage in terms strength over their victims. Providing a precise definition as to what bullying is can be a bit difficult because bullying has evolved and continues to evolve with the societal changes taking place in the society that we now live in. With the new developments in technology, it creates more platforms for bullying to also develop and change. Cyberbullying is bullying that uses technology such as emails or social media platforms to taint and ruin the reputation of a person (Wong, 2009). Research has shown that bullying does have a bad effect on the victim physically and socially. Learners fear being bullied so much so that they would rather stay at home (Vail, 1999). Therefore, if bullying causes learners to become absent then the effect it has on academic performance can be assessed through learners grades, tardiness and absenteeism. A study performed by (Glew, Fan, Katon, Rivara and Kenric, 2005) pointed out that victims and bullies were prone to having poor academic achievement than by-standers. There are also emotional effects that are caused by bullying, it causes so much stress for the victim that it ends up showing through physical symptoms, which then leads to the increase in absenteeism of the learner. Those physical effects of bullying experienced by learners or the victim of bullying along with other psychological issues caused by bullying leads to the poor academic performance. Canter (2005) confirms bullying is a present-day phenomenon in most schools in the United States and is said to affect over 70% of learners (as cited in Beaty & Alexyev, 2008). Several researchers, Borg (1999), Boulton & Underwood (1992) and Olweus (1993), assert learners that are victims of bullying have lasting emotional, academic, and behavioural problems (as cited in Whitted & Dupper, 2005, p.167). A recent study has shown that when learners are teased and bullied frequently the learners lose interest in school, and this then affects learners commitment and also their involvement in school activities (Mehta, Cornell, Fan, & Gregory, 2013).It has been reported by principals and teachers that when the school environment is seen as a negative place to be by the learners, it leads to poor school achievement (Cornell, Gregory, Huang, & Fan, 2013; Johnson & Stevens, 2006; Kon- ishi, Hymel, Zumbo, & Li, 2010; MacNeil, Prater, & Busch, 2009; Ripski & Gregory, 2009). Bradshaw et al. (2007) found that over 49% of learners said that they have been bullied, while over 70% of learners witnessed bullying. While boys bully their victims physically, girls bully their victims through gossip, spreading rumours, or excluding them from social groups (Peckham, 2007).The Statement of the Research ProblemBullying is a problem that affects all learners either as the person being bullied, the victim, or by-stander. Bullying can take many forms from verbal to physical assaults, threats, jokes or language, being mocked and criticized, to being insulted or given funny facial expressions. These factors work either individually or together in leading to a learners being bullied. Bullying has several impacts in the school and one those is the impact it has on academic achievement. For many years now evidence has shown that bullying does have a negative influence on a learners well-being. With so many learners experiencing the effects of being bullied, many schools in the province have decided to act on the problem. The effects of bullying within the school environment and persistent pressure from legislators and the community as a whole for an increase in the academic performance of learners, is a concern for school administrators, teachers and the parents. This research aims to investigate the link between bullying and the academic performance of learners.Research questions/HypothesesHow does bullying affect the academic performance of learners?Does bullying have an effect on the academic performance of learners?What are the forms of bullying that take place at the school?What are the effects of bullying on the victims, the bullies, by-standers and the school environment?What are the characteristics of a bully?Purpose of the StudyThe aim of this study is to investigate the effect that bullying has on the academic performance of learners' achievement in schools. The more we are informed about bullying in schools the better equipped the school and district will be and also the school leaders wil l be able to minimize the bullying from taking place and bring about changes that are positive to the schools, district and also the community. There is evidence that bullying is a serious problem for schools and this has been found in professional literature and the local setting. The goal of this study is to provide better understanding of the effects of bullying on the academic performance of learners in the school district.The Significance of the StudyBullying is a problem that affects many learners lives. Problems linked with bullying have grown over time due to the increased access to technology and social media allowing more opportunities of cyberbullying (Patechin ; Hinduja,2006).Bullying is complicated and is linked to cultural, social, family and personal aspects of our lives (Pepler et al.,2006). This study attempts to reveal the nature of the relationship between bullying and academic achievement with the use of multiple regression technique and examine whether academic performance levels can be predicted by the frequency of bullying in a given school district. This study is aimed to at helping the district and the schools to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the frequency of bullying in a school and learners academic performance.Definition of Key TermsAcademic performance: The extent to which a student , teacher or an institution has achieved their short or long-term educational goals.Bully: A person who intentionally causes harm to another person whetBullying: Repeated aggressive verbal or physical behaviour with the intention of harming or hurting another person. This happens frequently and involves an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim.By-stander: A person who sees the act of bullying taking place.Learner: A person who is learning a skill or subjectVictim: A learner who is harassed by another learner or a group of learners two, three or more learners leading to suffering physical or psychological harm.Delimitation of the StudyThe study only includes incidents that were reported in the school distri ct and will be based only on high schools in Bloemfontein. Participation in this study will be delimited to Grade 10 learners and their teachers. The amount of unreported bullying is beyond the scope of this study. Bullying might affect other variables but for this study only academic achievement will be measured.

Language Learning

IntroductionA foreign language is the language that people from another specific country/nation speak. Why should we learn foreign languages? As Frank Smith (Voxy, 2011) stated: â€Å"One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way†. Learning a foreign language is a fundamental way to broaden one's horizon, to find a job, to communicate with people from all over the world, to understand and respect other civilizations, to study or work abroad, to consume knowledge from the foreign media and others. The list of the gains of speaking a foreign language is endless. It is not only about having the skills to speak a language; it also serves personal potential to grow and to improve oneself. In the era of globalization and massive migration, language learning is more needed than ever before. The last decades, millions of people have been moving from one place to another (for various reasons such as political, economical, cultural reasons) in order to ameliorate their lives and get more opportunities to develop themselves. This situation sets the language learning inevitable because without it people could simply not communicate. As education has been always the most shaping mechanism, foreign language teaching is a main purpose in nowadays' schooling. A key note of UNESCO's proposes in the  «Guidelines on Intercultural Education » is that  «the role of language is a basic tool through education to arise understanding among people's cultures » (Cowen, 2009, p. 1019). The primary education level is considered one of the most important periods in a child's life. It is a core-stage that comes after pre-schooling, where children get the basic knowledge in order to evolve themselves and to build later a personal cognitive system where they can add all the following knowledge they are going to face during education (either formal or informal). School curriculums worldwide include teaching students at least one compulsory foreign language as they start primary school. Regularly, those school curricula in each country form the way of language teaching and they are continuously looking for the best methods and policies in order to achieve the greatest cognitive result. Education should prioritize and support the language teaching in favor of students to have access to a very broad information/knowledge area.  English as a foreign language in EuropeHaving a global language makes our lives much simpler and our communication attainable. The selection of English language benefits people from different national contexts to connect and interact in several levels (for example: educational, professional, political, social level). In fact, without having a common language as a means of communication, the struggle of it would be noticeable everywhere in our lives. According to Collins Dictionary for the definition â€Å"English as a foreign language† is: â€Å"the practice and theory of learning and teaching English for use in countries where it is not an official medium† (English as a Foreign Language definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary†). The heads of European Union in 2002, focused on a two foreign language teaching from a very early age. This process would develop children's tolerance to deal with the different cultures and/or languages. The positive outcomes of this action would also benefit children in cognitive and academic level as they would be more effective in all other areas (Dedrinou, 2013, p.46). Therefore, the urgent need of foreign language acquisition is a vital matter in recent years' schooling and its position becomes stronger and stronger. Reviewing the â€Å"Key data of teaching languages at schools in Europe† the most common foreign language that students learn in primary and secondary school, is English. English is a mandatory foreign language in nearly all education systems that stipulate a particular foreign language that all students must study, that is, in almost half of the European countries studied (Union, 2018, p.13). The percentage of European students learning English during the whole process of education is 97.3%. In Primary schools it is lower (79.4%) due to the non-compulsory character of English teaching at the first years (grades) of Primary education in several countries. The last ten years 18.7% more primary school students were learning English compared to 2005. The reason is that the starting point of English teaching moved in lower grades of schooling (Union, 2018).Aim and significanceThe present exam paper points to reflect the importance of learning the first foreign language from the very early age of Primary school. Moreover, it aims to add knowledge to the existent information in language learning generally and particularly in these two countries, in order to promote international overview understanding of educational methods and policies. The cases of Greece and Sweden are compared as a means to review the similarities and the differences of language teaching practices in each educational system. The Swedes are highly motivated to learn English and their rankings are on the top of the list of non-native English speakers (Number 2 among 80 countries/regions)(â€Å"EF EPI 2017 – Sweden,†). Greek people spent a fortune in additional English teaching outside school and they hardly achieve proficiency in English as they finish their education (Number 23 among 80 countries/regions) (â€Å"EF EPI 2017 – Greece,†). These rankings above inspired the author of the present paper to examine the process of English language teaching in these two specific primary school systems. Featured information within this paper could help to point out and explain each system's weaknesses and also, to highlight good quality methods or/and results. The two –country selection is also, author's high-interest topic. Specifically, Sweden is often used as a â€Å"great example† of educating students with innovative techniques and considerable results. Greece is the author's country of origin. As a result of personal experience as a student and as an English language private teacher in six-year old children, this paper aims to examine the teaching process and efficiency in Greece. It is considerable to examine the whole process of English learning in Greece because it is not only about schooling but also, a matter of external factors. The analysis of Greece is a slightly more extended by the case of the explanation of these external factors mentioned above. Of special concern is to pose some basic questions that are going to be investigated within this paper:Which age is the most suitable to start learning a first foreign language?Who supposes to teach the foreign language?How children that are taught English perform in two different countries?How the teaching process is accomplished in Greece and Sweden?What the current data state about total student assessment in English?Which country's method seems to be more efficient?  MethodFirstly, as far as the comparative part within this paper, it is based on the famous cube by Bray and Thomas. The chosen dimensions/ levels of comparison are the following: age groups (primary school children), countries (Sweden and Greece) and teaching methods (first foreign language teaching) (Bray, Adamson & Mason, 2014, p. 9). This multilevel analysis gives comparative approach to an international issue, the one of teaching the first foreign language. The aspects of comparison are three so this cube is a perfect model of comparative usage because it makes it more comprehensible and accessible. The specific comparison constitutes an indisputable piece of International and Comparative Education and as Marshall reports: â€Å"Comparisons enable us to view education from alternative perspectives, potentially leading to a greater understanding of the world, the people who live in it, and the issues they may face.† (Marshall, 2014, p.61-62). Furthermore, the main material information for the two comparing countries is collected from the Eurydice Report of EU Publications: â€Å"Key data on teaching languages at school in Europe†. This report contains information and statistics in language teaching from 42 countries/regions in Europe. Due to the broad character of the report, the chosen level is primary schools and English language teaching in both Greece and Sweden. However, the report includes data for second language teaching in each country or minority language teaching (Union, 2018). Research in journal articles, academic papers and web pages contributed to indentify the process of learning English as the first foreign language and both the similarities and differences in the countries of question. International and Comparative education's literature is also used to examine paper's topic through the lens of the field.LimitationsAs already mentioned above, the main material within this paper comes from a European Report found on Eurydice, where the phenomenon of language teaching is examined in 42 European countries/regions. It was not possible to compare all these countries/regions, the levels of education or several languages provided during education and come to conclusions, so the selected areas are just two countries (Greece and Sweden), one foreign language (English) and one level ( Primary education). Therefore the language teaching in secondary education and the learning outcomes of both countries are not examined and well-explained in the present paper. As it is expected in every national context, social, historical, economical and lingual reasons shape a different reality in each country. In this paper those reasons are not analyzed due to paper's formation. For instance, Swedish language structure is closer (comparing to Greek) to the English one, so the Swedes are way more familiar with the English alphabet, grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure . Therefore it is expected that the Swedes are more likely able to conquer the target language rather than anyone else whose native language is quite different (Igawa & Yagi, 2011, p. 106). Probably, it is an interesting perspective for future academic research and analysis. Moreover, the following analysis of Greece is going to reveal the situation of additional English classes that Greek students are encouraged to take in order to ameliorate their English status. These classes divide into two categories: Foreign Language Schools (Frontistiria) and private lessons at home (Idietera mathimata). As it comes to the second option (private lessons at home) data is limited owing to the informal character of these lessons.

An Archery Test Rig Made Using Computer Aided Design

University Malaysia Pahang Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Project Work Report Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Lecturer’s Declaration We hereby declare that we have checked this project and in our opinion this project is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Signature: Name of Supervisor: Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib Position: Lecturer in Computer Aided Design of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Date: 11 December 2012 STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work in this project work is our own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.The project work has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree or even been used by other industrial or non-industrial company associated. Signature: Name: Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdi ID Number: MA12060 Signature: Name: Poo Suk Seng ID Number: MA11067 Signature: Name: Amirah Fatin Binti Amran ID Number: MA12057 Signature: Name: Lee Sing Soon ID Number: MG11008 Signature: Name: Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirol ID Number: MC12 033 Date: 11 December 2012 ABSTRACT This project work is about creating a strong design based on the topic given to us which is archery test rig.To achieve the project objective, the test rig structure must be design and suitable for place the archery testing apparatus. We need to develop tools that can test the efficiency in archery equipment. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a main shaft and about 15–20 centimeter (6–8 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. This led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery while traditional bows are in a minority.In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. As we know, test rig machine that is use in industrial is very expensive in the market and some way need to be build by engine performance analysis based on functionality of power supply. Hence, our test rig been replaced with modern one where its materials very cheap and easy to find in market. Some sketches software had used like Solidworks to draft out the shape of our archery test rig.Materials selection also included in this designed process. Variable height and angle will be given at various speed by the stretch of bow’s string to see whether performance of archery will decrease or increase. Here, we can analyze at which arrow speed is the optimum of performance from this small mechanical. So, some losses like power and fuel can be decrease. AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Most Benevolent and the most Merciful. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S. A. W.. Every sincere appreciation and gratitude is only to God.Only by His Kindness and Guidance that this project work report is finally completed . In preparing this report, we have in contact with many people and academicians. They had contributed to ward my understanding, thought, and also guidance. In particular, we wish to express my sincere appreciation to our main lecturer, Mr. Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib for his valuable guidance, advice and continuous encouragement, constructive criticism and suggestion throughout this project. Without his continued support and interest, this project work would not have been the same as presented here.My sincere also extends to all our beloved family especially our parents, because if it’s not of their prayer and support we would not be here and done this project work. Moreover, we would like to thanks for all our colleagues and other who has provides assistance at various occasions. Their view tips are useful indeed in helping us to achieve doing this project. Because of their courageous, we can still stand to complete this project. Hence, to all people that direct or indirectly involve accomplishing our project that we were been sincerely thankful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PageSUPER VISOR’S DECLARATIONii STUDENT’S DECLARATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTSvii CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION I. Objective II. Literature Review III. Market Survey IV. Comparison between Our Design and Current Design CHAPTER 2METHODOLOGY I. Plan to Design the Product II. Conducting the Solidworks III. Gantt Chart IV. Flow Chat CHAPTER 3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part VI. New Design Part CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES I.Design Scratching LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVITIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. OBJECTIVE i. To design small test rig for archery’s equipment game. ii. To test a performance of the test rig of the archery’s equipment efficiencies that is the bow and arrow. iii. Survey to mechanical engineering laboratories and also to shop market. iv. To design small mechanical te st rig using Solidworks software. v. To collect and select cheapest components and materials of test rig. vi. Trying to think of a cheap material and good quality to be used as the primary material in test rigs. vii.Design a multifunction test rig structure, means that, there are other components can be added in the future because of the extra spaces. viii. To conduct a simple analysis of the design of the test rig and to set up the full design in Solidworks. II. LITERATURE REVIEW i. INTRODUCTION This chapter will briefly explain about basic concept of archery’s test rig, foundation of test rig performance testing, the importance of test rig performance testing, development of test rig performance testing, principle of jack and a few related studies and journals that have been done by current researchers.All this information is important before furthering to the analysis and study later. ii. BASIC CONCEPT OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE Archery test rig performance characteristics ar e convenient graphical presentation of archery test rig performance. They are constructed from the data obtained during actual test runs of the test rig and are particularly useful in comparing the performance of one bow and arrow with that of another. In this section some of the important performance characteristics of the test rig are discussed.It is to be noted that there is a certain speed, within the speed range of particular length of string stretched, at which force applied that is the length of string stretched will be the maximum. At this point, the maximum speed can therefore be exerted on the bow. For all practical purpose, the spring constant or bow capacity to do work also will maximum at this point. As the speed of the arrow is increased above this speed the quantity of the indicated time will decrease. However, the work output of the test rig increases with the speed due to longer length is executed per spring stretched.It should be note that the external air resistan ce will continue to increase with increased arrow speed until some point is reached where the air resistance almost can be negligible due to rapid movement of speed per second. Test rig are so designed that the maximum speed applied point is reached within various angle and height of the test rig. Increase in speed applied means that the increased targeting can be added per unit time increasing the work output. iii. FOUNDATION OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTINGTest rig performance is really a relative term. Normally it is represented by typical characteristic curves which are functions of testing at some variable of some situation and for our case is archery game. The term performance usually means how well a system designed is doing its job in relation to the input energy or how effectively it is provides useful work in relation to some other comparable industrial test rig machines. Most of the testing of test rig for their performance characteristics takes place under laboratory cond ition.The test rig is connected to a mechanical-based devices such as jack, spring and usual lift up mechanism by lifting the height of the steel in particular joint part. However, the performance characteristics of work, speed versus string stretched, degree of angle, height of devices of bow and arrow are recorded. There are so many types of industrial test rig used but using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. Principle that we used is mainly just simple mechanism that involve physics law and design it using Solidworks software.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. iv. THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTING Today the most common power source is the well-known in industrial test rig machine. This type of test rig machine has been the choice due to efficient and accurate result in testing equipment for an example. For out invention may become natural choice due to low cost and portable properties. The portable characteristics shown may be easy because does not any electrical supply due to mechanical works only use in our test rig and easy to moves by just man-power.Industrial test rig machine as we know it today is not able to comply with future emission demands due to its massive cost and power used not very appropriate for some minority f ield. However, in the future manufactures must come up with new cost-efficient test rig technologies that still deliver the same or improved performance for customer satisfaction. III. MARKET SURVEY Test rig is an apparatus used for assessing the performance of a piece of mechanical or electrical equipment. In our case is to assessing the performance of archery’s equipment that is the bow and arrow.The experiment can be undergoing when we test how far the arrow can shoot in such length per time in particular length of string stretched. Example of test rig used in industrial field: * Aircraft Research Association – Wind Tunnel Testing Facility at Bedford, UK. Detail design for the upgrade of their existing transonic wind tunnel. * Rolls Royce – Aero Engine Test Facility at Derby, UK. Design, supply and site installation of a range of specialist fabricated gas catchers for use while testing jet engine reverse thrust. * Babcock Marine – Devonport Naval Docky ard at Plymouth, UK.Provision of test facilities to allow training of key personnel involved in the nuclear submarine decommissioning programmed. As an addition, from a long-term perspective, the most important sector linking Turkey to the global economy is manufacturing. The share of manufactured goods in the total exports of Turkey increased from 37% in 1980 to 93% in 2009. Increase in the volume of foreign trade between 2002-2008 is also remarkable. $87 billion volume of foreign trade in 2002 rose at an annual rate of 25%, to reach $334 billion in 2008, $243 billion in 2009.This shown that test rig machine is very important to test some equipment. In archery manufacturing, the efficiencies for the bow and arrow to working simultaneously to shoot the longest with accurate moment and high speed is required for an excellent product. Platts is a leading global provider of energy and metals information and the world’s foremost source of price assessments in the physical energy markets. Since 1909, Platts has enabled the markets to operate with transparency and efficiency, and helped traders, risk managers, analysts, and industry leaders make better trading and business decisions.Platts Report: The aluminum alloy market – strong but beset with uncertainty – examines in detail activity throughout the sector and beyond, in Europe, the US and Asia over the past few months and helps bring focus to the outlook of Q1 2012. Comparison of Al and steel Global Aluminum Market to Reach 71. 2 Million Tons by 2018, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. GIA announces the release of a comprehensive global report on the Aluminum markets. The global market for Aluminum is forecast to reach 71. 2 million tons by the year 2018.Major factors driving growth in the Aluminum market include increasing demand for the metal in developing countries, lower per capita consumption of Aluminum in emerging markets, increasing applications of Aluminum in various sectors, increasing regulations in the automotive sector that are driving use of Aluminum, and recovery in demand from end-use segments post-recession. Asia-Pacific represents the largest regional market for aluminum worldwide, as stated by the new market research report on Aluminum. China and India are emerging as the major drivers of global growth in consumption of aluminum.Europe represents the second largest regional market worldwide, followed by the US. Growth in the global aluminum market is projected to be driven by the Rest of World market, which includes the Middle East and Africa. The regional market is projected to post a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 1% during the analysis period. Extruded Products represents the largest market segment for aluminum. However, Rolled Products are projected to spearhead growth in the global aluminum market. Our suggestion is strongly to use Aluminium alloy as a material for our test rig. The characterized by a relatively low density (2. g/cm3 as compare to 7. 9g/cm3 for steel), high resistance to corrosion in some common environments. Our test rig is showing portable properties that allow this to be use even in hot field, including the ambient atmosphere it can resist form corrosive oxygen content in natural environment. Many of this alloys are easily in the process of fabrication virtue to high ductility. The mechanical strength of aluminium can may be enhanced by cold work and by alloying with another metal or non-metal. Aluminum Alloy Product Description Specifications: Tensile Strength(psi): 83000 Yield Strength(psi): 72000Elongation(%2†³): 11 Hardness: 158 IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN OUR DESIGN AND CURRENT DESIGN In Figure above that is the advance industrial test rig machine for testing the car door system. Basically our design is inspired by above design but more less cost and in simplify form. We eventually make a portable test rig that can be brought to any places. Testing facilities and test r igs come in many forms and are used within a broad spectrum of industries. They perform a variety of key functions from product validation through to the training and development of operators. The benefits from our design of test rig: ) The material used is easy to find in market and very popular in making of industrial machine. We are suggesting aluminum alloy due to high strength that is more mechanical properties shown in steel. b) Complete bespoke design and supply of unique test rigs to suit individual archery player specified requirements. c) Modification and upgrades to existing test facilities. d) Specialist components for integration into new test equipment. e) Shop assembly and proving of specific test rigs. f) In recent years we could have successfully completed a number of high profile projects involving test equipment. g) Globalization. ) Ongoing liberalization of international financial and commercial system. i) Foreign investors’ being directed to the fields ac celerating technological-social dynamics in archery. j) Rapid development and increase in effective use of information technologies and innovation. k) Technological developments. l) Increase in the size and purchasing capacity of domestic market. m) Richness of renewable and alternative energy sources. n) Development of competitive new business models. o) Development of institutionalization and corporation culture. p) Coming into prominence of the partnerships between countries. ) Increasing importance of added value product production, quality and efficiency of archery’s bow and arrow. r) Increasing of the information based (producing and utilizing information) competitive advantage. s) Increasing demand for new, high-quality and different products in the global markets with low cost. t) Contribution of the positive developments related to environment and climate changes to the competitiveness. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. PLAN TO DESIGN THE PRODUCT The actual construction was v ery similar to the preliminary design. The end test rig, when fully assembled.The mechanism is the height can be change by requirement of user. There are two blocks that are used for joints of supporting another holder of the arrow as well as the traction rope length u bow in the spring in the valve use to draw and release the bow string when want shoot. The angle of the bow can also be changed by using the ball and socket as our knees. There is another part that supports the ball and socket is attached to one of the blocks that support the horizontal position of the bow string pullers. The height of this test rig can be changed under by jack at the bottom part of the test rig.Jack with rotor will be rolled over by man-power only and it will lift the top part of the test rig. In the preliminary design two supporter were described below in our drawing, master spring switch length and a socket and ball joint in that can joint the bow with the spring switch length . In the actual desig n, these 2 parts were combined into a single part switch that also has a pull/push holder- feature. Many features were added to aid in the setup and tear down of the test stand. The upper part and the lower part both have straight plane that come in contact with the base, and at each of these points there is a single ? n bolt. At the base of each upper 2 block supporter and after the jack assembly there are plane quick that can be disconnects which allow them to be separated from the rest of the structure. The electrical connection is not exist at all in this test rig. All these features allow for the test stand to be assembled and disassembled in approximately 10 minutes. Actual Test Rig Picture shown below: Door testing for its joints and locking setup Testing. Small testing setup installed on seats for complete cycle testing of all for doors of the car.Calculation of door closing and opening speed with the accurate door displacement by servomotor. Reports and data can be visualiz ed on remote PC outside Car. The torsion fatigue test rig (TFTR) was constructed to experimentally characterize the fatigue behaviour of materials that fail due to oscillating shear stresses. It consists of a base, hydraulic rotary actuator, and torque cell. Given the horizontal configuration of the rig, light weight mechanical adapters were designed to interface with the torsion bar specimens to minimize the interference of bending moments on the tests results.The adapters are essentially custom designed collet fixtures with base flanges for mounting, and they use off-the-shelf collets and clamping nuts to retain the specimen and transmit torque. Tests are generally carried out in torque controlled mode and the prescribed torque levels/amplitudes are controlled through commercial software. In this case of our test rig, the speed can be evaluated by the length of string stretched in such angle specified. The height also can be determined in such way by jack illustrated mechanism.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. V. FLOW CHART Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work List the needed material List the needed material Study and gather information Study and gather information Des ign & Sketching Concepts Design & Sketching Concepts YES YES NO NO MODIFICATION MODIFICATION SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE FINISH FINISHPRESENTATION PRESENTATION FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT FINAL DISCUSSION FINAL DISCUSSION ANALYSIS ANALYSIS BRIEF DISCUSSION BRIEF DISCUSSION MARKET SURVEY MARKET SURVEY DESIGN & SKECTHING DESIGN & SKECTHING LITERATURE STUDY LITERATURE STUDY START START VI. GANTT CHART ACTIVITIES| WEEK 1| WEEK 2| WEEK 3| WEEK 5| NOTES| Group division| v| | | | 3 Design must be prepared| Briefing about project design| v| | | | -| Re-do design and lecturer’s approval| | v| | | Get lecturer approval| Do some literature review| | v| | | -| Gather information| | v| | | -|Start doing Solidworks| | | v| | 3 part is separated| Progress report| | | v| | -| Make presentation slides| | | v| | Slides for final presentation| Finish final report| | | v| | -| Present project| | | | v| -| VII. CONDUCTING SOLID WORKS 3 persons assigned to handle this Solidworks. Our des ign is also divided into three phases. The first phase is the jack, the second phase is the ball and socket that is used to change the angle position of the bow, and the third phase is parking bow string, pull and position of the spring in the valve.Isometric view, orthographic view, and sectional view is provided in our report. Assembly part is use to sketch this design. There are about more than 15 parts that have been assembly together in this design. The overall view we put it together in isometric vie. All the dimensions is in mm with the scale of 1:50. Information about the assembly and its components is limited in Large Design Review. Most of the capabilities in Large Design Review mode are limited versions of existing SolidWorks capabilities. Snapshots are available only in Large Design Review.While an assembly is open in Large Design Review, it can make changes to its components. The uses Filter Modified Components to visually indicate which components have been modified. S elective Open and related tools are available on the Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager. These tools let to set some or all components to resolved or to lightweight. The Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager provides access to commands so can be use when open an assembly in Large Design Review mode. Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows to capture design intent. Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material f rom the part.Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch. In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to s ketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train. Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part The body part is main part of the test rig. The body part is the support side of the test rig and as a connector.It holds the baton together with joint so that that joint clamp can hold it together stable. The joint is very important is in this test rig also because it is the main part that contains spring that will stretched inside it when baton is pulled by its holder that stuck the bow string in it. Joint clamp is functional in changing the position of the arrow angle. It can be measured 0o until 180o. This is may suitable for some player that plays with their bow arrow in such rare angle. The baton is part that joint in with the joint and the joint clamp. At the surface of the baton there is a hook that is used for the string to be put.The spring is used for the pulling the baton when want to launch the arrow in such speed and length the string being put in particular section hook. There are 4 section of hook that can be put the bow string. The base is eventually for the supporting the whole structure especially the jack. Link is used for linking with the hydraulic jack. Support part is for the hydraulic jack and as a base to put the body of the test rig. Connectors used in this test rig is just screw rod, side supporter screw, base screw, and long screw. This act as same functio n that is to connects part tightly. Free Body Diagram (FBD) VI. New Design PartSINGLE CAM TUNING: Arrow spine can affect the high/low ripping of the paper test for one-cam bows. In 2007 World Target Champion instructed us that weakspined arrow shafts out of his Mathews bow, the name of the bow will tend to tear nockhigh when paper testing. The stiffer spined shafts will tend to show a low nock tear through the paper. That’s one reason why some bow setups continue to tear nock high no matter where you adjust the nocking point location – the arrow is acting weak and needs to be switched for a stiffer shaft. This is why our test rig can produce many variable and can be added in improvement plan in future.ADJUSTING FOR LEFT AND RIGHT ARROW TEARS: Correcting arrow flight for nock-right and nockleft tearing traits through the paper is more difficult than correcting for up and down. An arrow tears left or right because its spine is not properly matched to the bow system. (Rem ember, we already eliminated arrow rest contact. ) These adjustments are numerous and don’t always get results if the arrow isn’t the proper spine or something major is wrong with the bow system. I remind you again that this is not a perfect world and you should not beat your head against the wall trying to get a perfect hole.Close is good especially if the vane slices through the paper are crisp and all test shots produce the same hole. A little high-left or a little high tear, less than a half inch from 8 yards, is very acceptable and tells you that the arrows are flying well. All that remains is to shoot for groups from some distance that matches the archer’s ability level. Our design that has 4 section of hook is very useful because force is very important in shooting the arrow. Furthermore, no power supply is used by our machine makes us tend to do it different section to differentiate how far can the arrow go when it is shoot form different section.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is a significant volume of literature covering methodology and approaches to selecting indicators of sustainable development. There is certainly no shortage of suggested ‘criteria’ for indicators and it has been possible to combine the oft-quoted lists to form a comprehensive overview (box 3). Similarly, several engineers mutually advocate adopting a framework to provide a coherent, consistent and structured process to indicator selection. However, there is an apparent gap in the literature in terms of the actual application of indicators, successfully or otherwise.This suggests that more often than not the process of selecting indicators – from deciding which indicators to adopt, to how many and whether/ how to aggregate and communicate the results – can become so lengthy and complex that the implementation and reviewing of indicator data is never achieved. It seems all too easy to get hung-up on finding the ‘ perfect’ indicator, but as Bakkes (1997) describes, indicators compromise between relevance, scientific validity and measurability and will often have to be ‘optimally inaccurate’.Therefore, aspiring to achieve the best available indicator is far more efficient in practice. Whilst the process of selecting indicators is intrinsically important to successful implementation, and indeed a valuable learning experience in itself (Bell and Morse, 2003), it is important not to lose perspective. Indicators are not an end in themselves but a means for communication and to assist the policy and planning cycle. Bell and Morse (2003) explicitly argue that to date, very poor, if any relationships between indicators and policy change have been demonstrated.They quote Reid’s (1995 in Bell and Morse, 2003: 50) analysis of why: a lack of awareness of the issues; political unacceptability of many actions; opposition from entrenched interests; and inadequate institutional res ponses. Therefore, it is important to be aware of these potential barriers when designing indicators and to ensure that monitoring them is seen as an integral part of the planning cycle, rather than a routine data collection that is not part of the institution’s decision making and learning cycle; hence ensuring that â€Å"energy [is] directed towards achieving sustainability, not just measuring it† (DSCWG, 2001).Furthermore, the cyclical, ‘feedback’ nature of indicator selection and implementation should be upheld. Just as policy needs to react to indicator data, the indicators also need to be flexible to adjust to possible changes in policy priorities and objectives. Developing a reliable and useful set of indicators that truly reflect the multidimensional nature of sustainable development is clearly a complex task.However, â€Å"if sustainable development is one of the tourism industry’s major contemporary objectives, then the industry needs to be able to measure its performance and impacts in this area† (Ko, 2005:432); undertaking this process, through adopting a framework to selecting indicators and acting upon their results, is worth the time and effort required to get it right. The implementation of the Annotation project has clearly demonstrated the concepts underlying the system to be entirely feasible, with, of course, the previously mentioned alterations and reservations.The Moderation subsystem required the use of authentication methods, currently under investigation within the JISC project umbrella at this time, in order to be realistically implemented. Several authentication projects under development will soon become available; using any such suitable project, it is possible to enable an implementation of the moderation system in the real world. Amongst other applications, annotation could also be considered as searchable metadata. This would permit a wider reach for site or content searching mechanisms. During this roject, the idea was considered, but constraints due to the design made it impractical —the definition of the project stated clearly that, as a completely independent service, its existence or otherwise should not in any way influence the operation of the resource finder. As such, it would have been inappropriate to link the Resource Finder’s operation to the annotations. As an example scenario, one might imagine a researcher who reads a paper in a given context and, whilst annotating the document, drops a reference to several other resources r concepts. A researcher searching on one of these associated concepts may therefore be referred to this article as a consequence of the annotation; in this way, one might imagine that searching ’backwards’ from annotation information may provide, perhaps surprising, and perhaps useful associations. While doing this project we realize that potentially it came from us the developing our strength to become more knowledgeable in this real-life world. We are exposed to the market survey, the material used and the important thing is to design something.At last, to wrap up this conclusion with a question, introduced as a statement; the possibilities provided by the storage of annotation metadata are certainly wide enough. Annotation metadata alone is a potentially rich resource; when combined with other information, such as contextual background information, the possibilities are endless. Applying contextual information, for example, could help the sorting through search terms to locate more relevant resources. What other metadata exists that could contribute to the usefulness of an annotation? REFERENCESI. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. , (GIA) http://www. strategyr. com/Aluminum_Market_Report. asp II. â€Å"Commission on Growth and Development. 2007. â€Å"The Growth Report,† Washington, D. C. III. Rodrik, D. 2007. â€Å"What does China export? China and the World Economy IV. w ww. disability. wa. gov. au V. Learning Guide  © 2009 The University of Adelaide VI. DavyMarkham – Products – Test Rigs VII. NaRec – Wind Turbine Test Facility at Blyth, UK. Design study VIII. End of Project Report, by Gregory J. L. Tourte, UKOLN,The University of Bath, August 2003 IX.