The War on Drugs in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War on Drugs in America - Research Paper Example However, researchers agree that criminal activity in America and the rest of the world is strongly associated with drug availability and usage (Dobkin & Nicosia 2009). During the 90’s youth gangs surged all over United States. Interestingly, during the same time crack cocaine also became the drug of choice for many. Youth gangs high on crack brought the third and inevitable problem; gang related violence. In the 1960’s gangs were not involved in drug trafficking or abuse, but the rapid growth in the number of cocaine users led to the gang members not only becoming drug abusers but also getting involved in the trade of drug. This in turn brought crack cocaine in easy access of the masses, as even the street corner gangs started thinking of drug trade as an easy way of making money. Studies show that by the 1990’s gang members were involved in higher levels of drug use as compared to non-gang member population (Howell & Decker 1999). Of course, preceding decline in manufacturing jobs did not help the situation. Selling drugs was and still is considered a way of making quick money. Most of the new jobs created in the 80’s and 90’s were in suburbs. This left the inner city residents to fend for them and drug marketers were the only one providing work. Drugs affected the social life of these gang members in other ways as well. Firstly, their new economy forced them to rethink their pathways in life. The traditional work, marriage and family lifestyle was now out of question for many. These young gang members would no longer be influenced by norms and traditions. Instead, their gangs acted as families with social control over its members. This was followed by the violence. Gangs ferociously guarded their areas and turf wars broke out. Research into the relationship between drugs and violent crime has outlined three ways in which drugs can lead to violence. First, the pharmacological effects of a drug can make its user violent and se condly, violence occurs when an abusers is forced to commit violent crimes in order to secure financing for their expensive habit. Lastly, violence is the product of the drug system in which it is the only way of ensuring expansion of drug market share and protection from other market participants (Howell & Decker, 1999). Another side effect of drugs being sold on the street corner is that those who were already dealing with the harsh realities of life found an easy way out of their problems, even if it was for a little while. This led to many women to abuse drugs as well. The increase in prostitution can also be coincided with the increase of drugs in the American society. It is too, a never-ending cycle as prostitutes use drugs to deal with the humiliating aspects of their profession while indulging in it to finance their expensive habit of drug abuse (Young, Boyd & Hubbell 2000). Many people think that drug addicts simply lack the will to leave their addiction or they are morally corrupt because they consciously want to do all the bad things that happen. The reality is that drug addiction is a disease that alters the brain chemistry of a person making it impossible to simply wash the addiction away. Every year more than $600 billion are spent in health and crime costs related to drugs. However, even these numbers are insufficient to explain the harm caused by drugs to our society, as

Johnson & Johnson Tylenol Crisis Essay Example for Free

Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis Essay Johnson Johnson had manufactured Extra-Strength Tylenol in capsule and tablet form since 1959. Tylenol became one of Johnson Johnson’s most successful products, accounting for 17 percent of the company’s profits. Extra-Strength Tylenol constituted 70 percent of all Tylenol sales. Johnson Johnson also enjoyed a tremendous amount of trust and goodwill from the public, nurtured in part by its adherence to the company credo of responsibility to customers, employees, shareholders, and the community. In 1982, seven people in the Chicago area died after taking Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules that were laced with cyanide. After this incident, the CEO of Johnson Johnson was faced with very serious, important decisions; should he recall only the extra strength Tylenol in Chicago or nationwide? He was also concerned that this incident would forever ruin the Tylenol name, even after the investigation, proved that the tampering did not occur within the company. I would have advised the CEO of the company to make a public announcement, assuring the pubic that these cases were isolated to the Chicago area, that this was by no way caused by the negligence of Johnson Johnson employees. Also, he would need to state that the company is doing everything possible to ensure that this does not occur again and that they were working closely with the authorities to determine the cause. I would also advise a nationwide recall. I believe that a recall should have been issued for the entire nation. Although this would cause a significant loss for the company, it would save their reputation. It would ensure the customers that the CEO was doing everything possible to protect them, which would help reestablish their trust in the company. If a recall were not issued, people still would not be buying the product and it would sit on shelves for months, even years, because people would always be fearful they would get a bad batch. If a recall were issued, this would not be called into question. The new batches would be issued with a tamper evident seal and there would be no question whether or not they were tampered with again. From an economic point of view, recalling the product resulted in a loss of an estimated $150 million dollars. Legally speaking, recalling the product could have saved Johnson Johnson millions of dollars in law suits not to mention certain laws that they had to abide by through the food and drug administration. Morally, Johnson Johnson did the right thing. They removed their product from store shelves, re-embedded a certain amount of trust in their company and potentially saved many, many more lives. These results do not significantly differ from the decision Johnson Johnson eventually made. Economically, the company suffered for a short period of time, but returned full force after precautions were made to ensure this never happened again, sealing the future of the company, literally and figuratively. The company benefitted from their credo because they stated their responsibilities and what they valued to the public which reinstated a certain amount of trust in the company again. There are other companies since Johnson Johnson that could have used a similar credo, for instance the peanut butter incident and the formula incident (both from a couple years ago). Both of these cases were similar because it involved poisoning of a product. The companies also eventually bounced back from the incident. I believe that the credo had a great deal to do with saving the company brand because it stated all of the main goals and responsibilities of Johnson Johnson. However, I think that developing the tamper-resistant packaging, recalling the product, and distributing over 80 million in coupons also had a great deal to do with it. Without all of these factors though, who knows whether or not the company would have been able to recover from this incident. I believe that Johnson Johnson should not have continued to market the capsule form as soon as it returned to the market. The incident was too fresh in the publics’ mind for it to sell as well as it had before the incident. I do however feel that the capsule form should have been reintroduced to the market after a few years. Upon discovering that there was another death three years later from a similar incident, I would advise the company to ensure that this death was not from the previously recalled batch. Also, since this incident was isolated to one person, it would seem that someone tampered with that particular bottle. With all of the new tamper-resistant packaging it would be nearly impossible for someone to poison a bottle with it going unnoticed. However, I would advise the CEO of Johnson Johnson to inform the public of the incident instead of trying to conceal it. I would be much more interested in purchasing a product from an honest company than one who hides mishaps.

Independence: Building a New Nation 1947-1977 :: Essays Papers

Independence: Building a New Nation 1947-1977 In 1942, after the considerable pressure of Mahatma Gandhi's "Quit India" campaign and needing to maintain Indian support against Japanese troops advancing on India's Eastern border, Sir Stafford Cripps proposed a new constitution to the Indian National Congress, including the right of the new government to secede from the Commonwealth. The proposal was rejected but the arena of independence had been opened and, in 1946, after the defeat of the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, local and provincial elections were held. The Muslim League, led by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, won most of the Muslim vote. Britain, most of whose military units had disappeared, agreed to Indian self-rule and, in the succeeding negotiations determined that the date of independence would be midnight of 14 August. Following intensive rioting, it was also agreed that the demands of the Muslim League should be met and an India-Pakistan partition conceded at the same time, defined by the Radcliffe Boundary award. Thus the new government's first difficulty was a divided Punjab and a divided Sikh community. Percival Spear estimates that five and a half million refugees travelled each way across the Punjab border, the chaos intensified by the continual Hindu-Muslim-Sikh massacres. By the time the 1950 constitution was implemented, Jawarharlal Nehru was in sole leadership of congress and he embarked upon a plan of industrialisation, intensified in 1956 by a series of five-year plans. Social reform accompanied this. In 1964, Nehru died and his daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister. Having confirmed this in a 1970 election, she was faced with war between the East and West wings of Pakistan. Refugees poured into India from the former wing, causing a crisis in the economics of the country. Pakistan raided Indian airfields and war was declared on 6 December 1971.East Pakistan was captured on 18 December and the new state of Bangladesh was created. Mrs Gandhi's second crisis came in the shape of O.P.E.C quadrupling of oil prices, increasing over-population and massive inflation.

Economics- Assessment

Assessment (Demand and supply) Answer the following 1. Distinguish between a shift of the demand curve for a product and a movement along the product’s demand curve (10 marks) 2. With reference to two different determinants of demand, explain why the demand curve for bicycles might increase. Use a diagram to support your answer (10 marks) 3. Distinguish between a shift of the supply curve for a product and a movement along the product’s supply curve (10 marks) 4.With reference to two different determinants of supply, explain why the supply of coffee beans might decrease. Use a diagram to support your answer (10 marks) Assessment advice * Answers tend to resemble each other structurally. * Each should start with a written explanation in which the key economics terms are defined. * This would usually be followed by a diagram to illustrate the theory, followed by a further explanation in which the diagram is explained in the context of the specific question. * Be sure to u se arrows to show directions of change in the diagrams and refer to any changes in the variables.Assessment criteria (Each question carries 10 marks) Level Marks 0 The work does not reach a standard described by the descriptors below. 0 1 There is little understanding of the specific demands of the question. Relevant economic terms are not defined. There is very little knowledge of relevant economic theory. There are significant errors. 1–3 2 There is some understanding of the specific demands of the question. Some relevant economic terms are defined. There is some knowledge of relevant economic theory. There are some errors. –6 3 There is understanding of the specific demands of the question. Relevant economic terms are defined. Relevant economic theory is explained and applied. Where appropriate, diagrams are included and applied. Where appropriate, examples are used. There are few errors. 7–8 4 There is clear understanding of the specific demands of the quest ion. Relevant economic terms are clearly defined. Relevant economic theory is clearly explained and applied. Where appropriate, diagrams are included and applied effectively. Where appropriate, examples are used effectively. There are no significant errors. 9–10

Review of Kelly and Kulman’s Article Kid Power

The article chosen for review is â€Å"Kid Power† by Katy Kelly and Linda Kulman, U. S. News ; World Report. It was posted on September 5, 2004. The article discusses the psychology and marketing that is accomplished by major companies. Advertising companies spend over $15 billion a year telling kids what is hot and what they need to buy. Kids are surrounded with carefully researched messages and marketing telling them what to do.The parenting style has become more flexible and less authoritarian in the last 25 years. All this tiny consumers in United States will recognize logos at the age of 18 months and by 2 children will ask products by brand name. It should be noted that a child will watch 40,000 commercials every year and some parents reported that the baby’s first words was not â€Å"mama† or â€Å"dada† but â€Å"Coke†. United States with only 4. 5 percent of the population buys 45 percent of the global toy production.American kids will get an average of 70 new toys a year. Kids will influence the family decision buying power of parent by 670 billion worth of purchases, small items such as which snacks to buy and large items as a SUV for the family trips with the kids. If we compare the military budget in United States is 418 billion, much smaller than the kids buying power. There is a strong opposition to this barrage of advertising by many fronts.That is why marketers count on kids to nag parents to the point of purchase. The American Psychological Association added its voice to that of the American Academy of Pediatrics is reporting that advertising is directed toward children and is deceptive and exploits children under age 8. Also, the APA says that before the age of 4 or 5, kids can not distinguish between a show and a commercial. In the future most likely we will see legislation to curve the limit on advertising to children.

Online IT Degree Options Are More Diverse Than You Think Essays

Online IT Degree Options Are More Diverse Than You Think Essays Online IT Degree Options Are More Diverse Than You Think Essay Online IT Degree Options Are More Diverse Than You Think Essay It used to be that the only place to obtain an online IT degree would be through a school that no one had ever heard of. Even though the classes might have been sound, the piece of paper that resulted from the effort would often be cast into doubt. This is no longer the case. Whether you’re after an online business degree, a masters in education or a pure IT degree, the selection of schools has grown in leaps and bounds. As more colleges and universities take advantage of the opportunities the Internet has opened up to them, students are finding they can get an online MBA, a nonprofit management degree or learn the ropes of running an IT department all from the comfort of their own homes. While not all schools are the same, prospective students are likely to discover that the field now includes: Highly established institutions – The schools now stamped on diplomas that result from online IT degree programs include some of the country’s most established and recognized private institutions of higher learning. Thanks to the recognition of these schools and their accreditation standing, students can now be assured their degrees will mean something when they enter the working world. A wide variety of programs – Schools have been increasing their online options at a breakneck pace. It is now possible to study nearly anything online and come out with a degree that can help land a job. Access to financial aid – The days of having a hard time finding financing for online degree programs are over. Thanks to the standing of many schools, this avenue is wide open. An online IT degree can mean the difference between condolences and congratulations. When it’s time to get an edge on the future, online programs can deliver. Their diversity often amazes students.

The Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

The Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt Introduction The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) is a movement that was founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna (Tadros 23). Its main objective is to indoctrinate the Quran and the Sunnah as the source of the principles that should guide the life of a Muslim at the individual, family, community, and state level. Thus, it articulates religious, political, and social issues that face the Arab world. Even though the MB originated in Egypt, its ideologies have since become popular in many Arab countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concisely, members of the MB are the main opposition leaders in most Arab governments (Zahid 43). Even though the movement discourages the use of violence to achieve its goals, it has occasionally been involved in acts of terror. Nonetheless, the group is still popular in the Arab world due to its quest for social justic e and democracy. This paper focuses on the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. In particular, it will discuss the movement’s ascent to power, and the possible benefits of its leadership to the Egyptians. Additionally, the paper will discuss the relationship between the media and the MB. The Muslim Brotherhood’s ascent to power in Egypt is one of the most controversial political events in the history of the country. The debate on the legitimacy of the movement has polarized the Egyptian community and political scientists. Political analysts and scholars who support the movement believe that it rose to power through honest and legitimate means. Those who oppose the movement, on the other hand, believe that it rose to power by tricking Egyptians to vote for its presidential candidate. Generally, some scholars support the Brotherhood’s leadership, whereas others are skeptic of its ability to lead Egypt (Intelligence Analysis). In this context, it is impor tant to analyze the factors that led to the victory of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 2012 presidential elections. The major factors that led to the movement’s victory include the following. To begin with, the Muslim Brotherhood believes in democracy. The past regimes in Egypt, especially, President Mubarak’s government did not believe in a democratic system of governance (Rutherford 69). The presidents had too much power that enabled them to serve their interests at the expense of the public. This involved corruption, limiting the rights of the citizens and discouraging divergent political opinions. Due to these malpractices, the MB launched its political activism to sensitize the public on the need to establish a democratic system of governance. The political ideologies of the movement rapidly gained popularity among the citizens. However, the incumbent regimes were not happy with this development. Thus, they repressed the movement’s activities. Nonetheless, th e movement became the first opposition party in Egypt after winning more than 20% of the parliamentary seats in the 2005 elections (Sharp 13).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since 2007, the movement has been pursuing a democratic political agenda rather than a theological one (Tadros 74). In particular, the movement opposed the extension of Egyptian emergency law, which eliminated the citizen’s constitutional rights, legalized censorship, and gave the police unlimited powers. Moreover, the movement lobbied for the transformation of the parliament into a real legislative institution that represents the citizens, and ensures accountability within the government (Tadros 75). These efforts clearly indicate that the Muslim Brotherhood was committed to serving the interests of the public rather than pursuing a secret Islamist agenda. The Muslim Brotherhood has also gained popularity among Egyptians due to its social agenda. Inequality has always been high in Egypt in terms of the distribution of wealth and access to basic services (Hansen). Generally, the ruling elite controlled the largest percentage of the country’s resources. Consequently, the Muslim Brotherhood focused on charity work in order to improve the living conditions of the poor. This involved constructing schools and hospitals, as well as, donating funds to the needy (Hansen). In this regard, most Egyptians considered the movement as an organization that was committed to fulfilling their needs and aspirations. Concisely, Egyptians became convinced that their socio-economic conditions would improve if they voted for the Muslim Brotherhood. Apart from charity work, the movement has made deliberate efforts to promote gender equality and to eliminate religious discrimination. In the run up to the 2012, presidential elections, the movement promised to include women in its leadership. Concisely, women were to play an integral role in decision making by being members of the cabinet and holders of key positions in the government. However, only one woman is serving in the current cabinet (Saman). Additionally, the law does not allow a woman to become the country’s president. Nonetheless, the current President promised to appoint one woman and a Copt Christian as the country’s vice presidents (Saman). The movement has clearly stated that it will protect the rights of women and children in the society. The Muslim Brotherhood has also discouraged discrimination against Christians. In this regard, Christians will no longer need to acquire permits in order to build their churches. Finally, most citizens identify with the Muslim Brotherhood because of its close association with Egypt’s history. The movement has successfully positioned itself as a pragmatic entity rather than a fanatical organization (Zahid 81). Since its inception, the movement has f ocused on teaching its religious principles. It has been determined to ensure socio-economic change despite recurrent persecution and torture of its members by past regimes (Al-Kheleej). Moreover, the leaders of the movement are not associated with the corrupt practices that were rampant in the previous regime (Zahid 83).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These characteristics improved the popularity of the Muslim Brotherhood and led to the election of its candidate as Egyptian president. The aforementioned factors indicate that Egyptians made an informed decision to elect the Muslim Brotherhood regime. The movement is yet to fulfill all its pre-election promises due to the limited time in which it has been in control of the country. In this context, the movement came to power with honesty rather than tricking Egyptians to vote for it. Even though the Muslim Brotherhood through its political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), rose to power on a change platform, its leadership might not benefit the Egyptians. After its first 100 days in office, the FJP regime is yet to fulfill most of its pre-election campaign promises (Saman). One of the most important promises that have been broken by the regime is the formation of an independent Constituent Assembly (CA) to draft a new constitution for the country. According to FJP’s pre-election promise, the assembly would consist of representatives of all interest groups in the country. Furthermore, Egyptians would be given amble time to discuss the criteria for joining the assembly, as well as, the laws to be included in the new constitution. On the contrary, the Muslim Brotherhood has since amended the laws that constitute the interim Constitutional Declaration so that it can have monopoly in the selection of the Constituent Assembly members (Tadros 113). More over, the MB excluded the representatives of trade unions, academic institutions and the judiciary from the assembly. The regime decided to select its loyalist to draft the new constitution (Saman). In this regard, the opinions and aspirations of the citizens are not likely to be included in the new constitution. FJP has tried to dispel these fears by claiming that Egyptians will have a chance to adopt or reject the constitution through a referendum. However, most Egyptians believe that the government might fail to fulfill this promise too. The Muslim Brotherhood promised to punish the members of Mubarak’s regime who tortured rioters during the 2011 revolution. However, the government has since released all the suspects from detention without any charges. These acquittals have led to violent protests in Cairo. In response to the public’s concerns, the president promised a retrial of the suspects in order to ensure justice (Zahid 152). The president has also released th e political activists who participated in the 2011 revolution. However, the public is still dissatisfied with the president’s efforts to ensure justice.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The decision by the president to control the judiciary is also a sign of a bleak future for Egyptians. The president has the ultimate power that enables him to control all arms of the government (Saman). Following the dissolution of the parliament by the judiciary, the president has the freedom to formulate and to enact his own laws. These laws cannot be overturned by the judiciary or any other organ of the government. Additionally, the president has quashed the judiciary’s power to dissolve the upper house of the parliament. Consequently, the Brotherhood that dominates the upper house has great control of the legislative arm of the government. In this regard, Egyptians are not likely to realize the constitutional reforms that they need. The Muslim Brotherhood is yet to demonstrate its commitment to strengthen the relationship between Egypt and the international community. For instance, the government was not able to control the September 2012 protests that were caused by the anti-Islamic video (Saman). The president did not issue any order to end the riots that led to the destruction of the American Embassy in Cairo. The Muslim Brotherhood, on the other hand, encouraged the citizens to continue with the violent protests. Some leaders of the Brotherhood are pushing for the dissolution of the 32-year peace treaty with Israel (Sharp 21). However, some leaders believe that Egypt should only respect the peace treaty if Israel improves the socio-economic conditions of the Palestinians. These tensions are likely to have negative effects on the relationship between Egypt and the external community. Some of these effects include trade sanctions and withdrawal of foreign aid (Myers). These effects will have severe impacts on the economic development of the country. Economists and political analysts believe that the Muslim Brotherhood will facilitate moderate improvements in Egypt’s economy. The MB is pursuing two contradicting economic ideologies. On one hand, the government is pursing interventionist policies by increasing its investments in prime sectors of the economy. On the other hand, industry and trade leaders who belong to the Brotherhood are calling for a liberal and market-oriented economy that promotes free trade (Hansen). These leaders are also in charge of the strategic plan that will facilitate the transformation of the country’s economy and public sector. One factor that is likely to ensure rapid development is the implementation of effective economic policies. These policies include export substitution, reducing budget deficits, rationing public spending, and raising the minimum wage. Furthermore, the government intends to strengthen the anti-trust laws and to introduce a progressive tax system. These policies will promote rapid economic development and equal distribution of wealth (Hansen). Similarly, the free-market tendencies have improved the confidence of investors in the financial sector. Concisely, the Brotherhood is not likely to replace the conventional banking system with Islamic finance since the later accounts for only 4% of the country’s financial sector (Shubber 191-193). Finally, the government has promised to improve tourism by opening new markets and developing new infrastructure in the industry. Despite making efforts to improve the country’s economy, the media portrays the Muslim Brotherhood as a dishonest organization whose main intension is to oppress Egyptians (Kheiry). For instance, in August 2012 a local newspaper accused the Muslim Brotherhood of intending to create an ‘emirate’. The newspaper also claimed that the Brotherhood was planning to massacre innocent Christians and influential public figures. In this regard, the newspaper advocated for the strengthening of the military’s power in order to prevent these atrocities. The Brotherhood considers most media criticisms to be propaganda whose authors intend to destabilize the go vernment (Kheiry). This is because the media often fails to substantiate its criticisms to the government (Kheiry). Furthermore, journalists have periodically made inflammatory statements to insult the president and his regime. In some cases, the media attacks the government by inciting the citizens rather than using facts to criticize it (Kheiry). Generally, the Muslim Brotherhood dislikes the media criticisms. It has always reacted to the criticisms by detaining journalists and controlling the freedom of the press. Critics believe that the current crackdown on journalists is an indication that the Muslim Brotherhood is determined to control every aspect of Egyptians’ lives. Political scientists believe that attacking journalists is part of the Brotherhood’s plan to threaten and to censor the media from disclosing its Islamist agenda (Saman). Additionally, they accuse the Muslim Brotherhood of using propaganda to cover its malpractices and to gain public sympathy. Con clusion The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the most influential political movements in the Arab world. The movement combines Islamic religious teachings with political activism and charity work, thereby making it attractive to most Muslims (Rutherford 34). In Egypt, the movement rose to power in 2011 after the fall of Mubarak’s regime. The Muslim Brotherhood ascended to power on a platform of social, political, and economic change. Concisely, the movement had promised to promote democracy and to protect the rights of women and the minority communities. However, the MB is yet to fulfill most of its pre-election promises. In this regard, most political analysts believe that the Muslim Brotherhood regime might not be beneficial to Egyptians. These sentiments are shared by the media, which has always portrayed the movement as a dishonest entity that is not committed to fulfilling the needs of Egyptians (Kheiry). Al-Khaleej, Khaleej. Behind the Muslim Brotherhoods Rise to Power. Al -Monitor, 4 Feb. 2011. Web. Hansen, Suzy. The Economic Vision of Egypts Muslim Brotherhood Millionaires. Business Week, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. Intelligence Analysis. Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in Context of the Egyptian Revolution. Intelligence Analysis. 12 Apr. 2012. Web. Kheiry, Amina. Ominous Signs in Egypt Suggest ‘Brotherhoodization’ of the Media. Al-Monitor, 5 Aug. 2012. Web. Myers, Steven. U.S Move to Give Egypt $450 Million in Aid Meets Resistance. New York Times, 28 Sep. 2012. Web. Rutherford, Bruce. Egypt After Mubarak. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Print. Saman, Moises. Muslim Brotherhood: Egypt. New York Times, 14 Sep. 2012. Web. Sharp, Jeremy. Egypt: the January 25 Revolution and Implications for US. Boston: Palgrave, 2011. Print. Shubber, Kadom. Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 2.5 (2010): 191-193. Print. Tadros, Mariz. The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt: D emcracy Redefined. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print. Zahid, Mohammed. The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypts Succession Crisis. Lond: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Many Colleges Dont Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas

Many Colleges Don't Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas A report commissioned by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) reveals that colleges are not requiring students to take courses in several core areas. And as a result, these students are less prepared to be successful in life. The report, â€Å"What Will They Learn?† surveyed students in over 1,100 U.S. colleges and universities – public and private – and found that an alarming number of them were taking â€Å"lightweight† courses to satisfy general education requirements. The report also found the following about the colleges: 96.8% don’t require economics 87.3% don’t require an intermediate foreign language 81.0% don’t require a basic U.S. history or government 38.1% don’t require college-level math 65.0% don’t require literature The 7 Core Areas What are the core areas identified by ACTA that college students should take classes in – and why? Composition: writing-intensive classes that focus on grammar Literature: observant reading and reflection that develops critical thinking skills Foreign language: to understand different cultures U.S. Government or History: to be responsible, knowledgeable citizens Economics: to understand how resources are connected globally Mathematics: to gain numeracy skills applicable in the workplace and in life Natural Sciences: to develop skills in experimentation and observation   Even some of the most highly-rated and expensive schools are not requiring students to take classes in these core areas. For example, one school that charges almost $50,000 a year in tuition does not require students to take classes in any of the 7 core areas. In fact, the study notes that the schools that receive an â€Å"F† grade based on how many core classes they require charge 43% higher tuition rates than the schools that receive a grade of â€Å"A.† Core Deficiencies So what’s causing the shift? The report notes that some professors prefer to teach classes related to their particular research area. And as a result, students end up choosing from a wide-ranging selection of courses. For example, at one college, while students are not required to take U.S. History or U.S. Government, they have an Intercultural Domestic Studies requirement that may include such courses as â€Å"Rock ‘n’ Roll in Cinema.†   To fulfill the economics requirement, students at one school can take, â€Å"The Economics of Star Trek,† while â€Å"Pets in Society† qualifies as a Social Sciences requirement. At another school, students can take â€Å"Music in American Culture† or â€Å"America Through Baseball† to fulfill their requirements. At another college, English majors don’t have to take a class devoted to Shakespeare.   Some schools don’t have any core requirements at all. One school notes that it â€Å"does not impose a particular course or subject on all students.† On one hand, perhaps its commendable that some colleges are not forcing students to take certain classes. On the other hand, are freshmen really in a position to decide which courses would be most beneficial to them? According to the ACTA report, close to 80% of freshmen don’t know what they want to major in. And another study, by EAB, found that 75% of students will change majors before they graduate. Some critics advocate not letting students choose a major until their second year.   If students aren’t even sure what degree they plan to pursue, it might be unrealistic to expect them – especially as freshmen – to effectively gauge which core classes they need to be successful. Another problem is that schools don’t update their catalogs on a regular basis, and when students and their parents are trying to determine the requirements, they may not be viewing accurate information. Also, some colleges and universities don’t even list definite courses in same cases. Instead there is a vague introductory phrase â€Å"courses may include,† so the classes listed in the catalog may or may not be offered. However, the glaring lack of information gained from taking college-level core classes is evident. A Payscale survey asked managers to identify the skills that they thought college grads lack the most. Among the responses, writing skills are identified as the top skill missing in action among college grads. Public speaking skills are in second place. But both of these skills could be developed if students were required to take core courses. In other surveys, employers have lamented the fact that college graduates don’t have critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills – all issues that would be addressed in a core curriculum. Other disturbing findings: 20% of students who graduated with a bachelor’s degree were unable to accurately calculate the costs of ordering office supplies, according to the National Survey of America’s College Students.   While schools, boards of trustees, and policy makers need to make the necessary adjustments to require a core curriculum, college students cannot wait for these changes. They (and their parents) must research schools as thoroughly as possible, and students must choose to take the classes they need instead of selecting lightweight courses.

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

E-Commerce - Essay Example Considering the business nature of Whalen Clean and Tidy which provides cleaning services to local office buildings, setting up a website to targeted audience could involve extensive online marketing approach to gain both offline and online visibility. Since this kind of business is not that much common, the site to be created needs to be noticed by customers. To do this marketing, we can apply these approaches: Search Engine Placement and SEO – Search engine is a standard way to find any Internet site and of which includes online shopping sites. A large number of online shoppers utilizes online search engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo!, MSN, etc.) to find their products, services and any desired information about a thing. Conventional Advertising – this may include advertising in TV, newspapers, etc. Using this type of advertising may not seem soothing with the Internet address as its statement. Apparently, still online business recommends this traditional way. Exchange Links – Outbound links from other relevant site referrals can boost you search engine rankings and exposure. Links are included on a variety of other sites with a variety of deals being done. It is also important to consider the website usability; this should conform to the web standards which will allow customers browse the site with ease. Order processing should also be processed online, orders or bookings for cleaning services which is basically linked with a back-office system. Payments for booking can be done on different modes – cash, check, or credit cards. Considering payment processing and posting bookings, security is now a primary concern since online payments are offered. This ensures customers that the transaction online will be secured and confidential. This will help them increase trust and confidence in doing business with you. The necessity of these elements is of high

Impact of Culture on International Business Essay

Impact of Culture on International Business - Essay Example However, in the USA, the level of power distance is quite low and this shows that the intensity of interpersonal conflicts is quite high among the members. So, the entrepreneur needs to communicate very tactfully, in order to maintain cooperation and coordination among all. Similarly as the rate of individualism in the USA is extremely high so the entrepreneur needs to offer equal opportunities and wages to its members. Then, the level of motivation and morale of each of the employees of any newly developed organization might get enhanced towards their assigned tasks. Thus if equal opportunities and facilities are offered to the members or employees of the organization of USA, then their rate of dissatisfaction might get reduced to a significant extent. By reducing the rate of dissatisfaction, the level of coordination and teamwork among the employees might get declined to result in amplification of the brand value of the organization (Hofstede, n. d.). Prior developing a business in the United States of America, the entrepreneur needs to be well-versed with the language, customs, habits, and etiquettes, along with cultural dimensions, mentioned above so as to make the enterprise extremely successful in long run. The citizens of USA speak both American as well as Canadian English at the time of conversing with others. The Americans desire to make friendships with all and offer gifts to retain their relationships for the long run. This type of attitude helps to maintain uniqueness and equality among all the members. Moreover, the American citizens always offer high attention to dress codes and shaking of hands to maintain the level of relationships. This is one their business etiquettes that helps to maintain uniformity and coordination among all of the employees of an organization or citizens of the country of USA.

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local Essay

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local taxes, interest, charitable deductions, personal and business - Essay Example Deductions of interest upon tax are categorized into six: Home mortgage (publication 936), Business or trade, Investment (publication 550), Passive activity, Personal and Student loan interests For interest to be deductible upon one’s return of tax, it is determined by how money was borrowed and how such money was utilized. Form 1040’s schedule A upon the tax return shows the kinds of interest one can deduct on the return regarding investment interest, points and home mortgage interest. This is with regards to the Internal Revenue Service. (wwwebtax.com, 2011) Section of the IRS code that the IRS will use to support its position of disallowing the deduction Section 506 of the House Bill talks about revaluation of gifts and the same House Bill extends its special rule for such gifts as provided by Chapter 14 of gifts in entirety. (rpifs.com, 2011) Starting august 1997, subsequent to Taxpayer Relief Act’s implementation, revaluation of gifts was considered as follo ws with regards to tax return. After 1997 August, IRS is no longer in a position to revalue gifts and this is following the expiry of the statute of the limitations duration. For this provision to apply, though, the gift’s value must be finally determined. ... Also the fair market value has to be determined, unless the regulations have not made it a requirement to state the market value of the whole entity if the interest value in that entity is reached without utilizing the entity’s net asset value. An explanation of how the fair market value was reached has to be included, the relation ship existing between the recipient and the donor and lastly, the description of the taxpayer’s position he/she is taking contrary to the regulation of the treasury or a ruling of revenue. (Mitchell, 2008 p6-10) Support that Donald will need to defend his position that the interest is investment related and should be deductable for tax purposes Mitchell gives an example, where the recipient of a gift may challenge a decision reached by IRS. According to the example given by Mitchell, a lady by the name Smith, Grace gave out a gift six years prior to her demise and which was valued at 1,000,000USD ( Assuming that Smith was supposed to pay the IRS a rate of tax on gift of 55%). The statute that governs this gift passed this without carrying out an audit of the return of gift. The IRS went through the return by Smith and decided on the correct value, though. This led to a scenario where the estate was supposed to have a credit for the taxes on the gift that were previously payable of an amount of 825,000USD instead of 550,000USD gift tax that was actually paid upon filing of the return. This would result to an estate tax increasing since such revaluation pushes that estate to an upper bracket of tax. In a case where the estate was in the top-most tax bracket, such a revaluation would not have any impact, though. In case the IRS gives a final notice with regards to the redetermination in accordance

Health Economics of Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Economics of Medicine - Essay Example The value of Health Economics is indispensable in a society. Its scarcity is a primary concern especially among countries without ample resources to provide healthcare (Culyer, 1989). Another major issue that makes Health Economics important is the mode of distribution. There have been situations showing lack of logistic strategies that effectively deliver health to major recipients. Finally, the sustenance of supply and allocation of health care makes Health Economics valuable. In ensuring both the necessities are satisfied, costs have to be incurred consistently. It is the spending capacity of countries that decide supply and distribution of healthcare. According to Fuchs (1996, pp.1-24), the level of expenditures incurred by governments in healthcare delivery has increased precipitously. The sudden rise in cost can be attributed to intellectual advances, greater availability of information, and the ever-increasing demand for such service. The dedication of government spending to health care services results to various economic sacrifices. Aside from health, there are pressing needs that the society needs to acquire. Concentration in healthcare looms problems such as forging quality education and the generation of sustainable income through investments and government spending. Direct costs of delivering healthcare involve purchase of medicines, establishments of medical institutions, and hiring of personnel knowledgeable of health services. Other costs also include research and development, which at present is the most critical item being propagated by governments. Moreover, the government needs to incur indirect costs such as building of infrastructures to ensure that transportation and communication improves healthcare delivery. Furthermore, the marginal cost of health care needs to be evaluated. Unlike the total cost, which is simply an aggregate, marginal cost

Did slavery retard industrialization in the South Term Paper

Did slavery retard industrialization in the South - Term Paper Example , the value of slaves in the United States had escalated exceeding the invested values of all the nation’s factories, banks, and railroads combined (Morgan, 1983). This was such that, by the time the eve of the civil war came the prices of cotton had risen where the confederate leaders believed that necessity of cotton in the world market would assist the south with military and diplomatic support they required for victory. However, that was not the case because as they were trying to mobilize the important strengths and weakness slave labor and free market became clearer, especially in relation to supporting the economy. This essay will answer the question of whether slavery retarded the economy of the South. During the war, smaller industrial base did the mobilizing of the troops, an agricultural economy and fewer rail lines that were based on slave labor made mobilization of resources more difficult in the South. This resulted to the economy of the South to become shaky throughout the war (Smith & Economic History Society, 1998). The Emancipation Proclamation both enraged the South promising them freedom for their slaves threatening the existence of its primary labor source. This caused the economy of the South to suffer in 1864 as the Union Armies battered with the Confederate troops in the western and eastern theaters (Fearon & Laitin, 2003). This lowered the productivity of the South as the war slowed down the advantage of slavery that the North had over the South. Therefore, although slavery was established to be highly profitable it had a negative impact on the economy of the South because it impeded on the development of cities, industries. This in turn contributed to soil exhaustion, high debts and lack of technological innovation. According to Ralph Waldo Emerson, he states, â€Å"slavery is no scholar, no improver, it does not love the whistle of the railroad; it does not love the newspaper, the mail-bag, a college, a book or a preacher who

Health Economics of Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Economics of Medicine - Essay Example The value of Health Economics is indispensable in a society. Its scarcity is a primary concern especially among countries without ample resources to provide healthcare (Culyer, 1989). Another major issue that makes Health Economics important is the mode of distribution. There have been situations showing lack of logistic strategies that effectively deliver health to major recipients. Finally, the sustenance of supply and allocation of health care makes Health Economics valuable. In ensuring both the necessities are satisfied, costs have to be incurred consistently. It is the spending capacity of countries that decide supply and distribution of healthcare. According to Fuchs (1996, pp.1-24), the level of expenditures incurred by governments in healthcare delivery has increased precipitously. The sudden rise in cost can be attributed to intellectual advances, greater availability of information, and the ever-increasing demand for such service. The dedication of government spending to health care services results to various economic sacrifices. Aside from health, there are pressing needs that the society needs to acquire. Concentration in healthcare looms problems such as forging quality education and the generation of sustainable income through investments and government spending. Direct costs of delivering healthcare involve purchase of medicines, establishments of medical institutions, and hiring of personnel knowledgeable of health services. Other costs also include research and development, which at present is the most critical item being propagated by governments. Moreover, the government needs to incur indirect costs such as building of infrastructures to ensure that transportation and communication improves healthcare delivery. Furthermore, the marginal cost of health care needs to be evaluated. Unlike the total cost, which is simply an aggregate, marginal cost

Marketing plan for Milk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing plan for Milk - Essay Example A marketing plan is prepared for assisting the business in integrating the total marketing efforts. The planning process begins with an attempt by the company to size up its present market situation and the factors responsible for it. Such a plan ensures a systematic approach to developing products and services to meet and satisfy the consumer's needs. An established milk beverage manufacturer is introducing a completely new product - flavored milk beverages for the segment 6-12 years old. The marketing plan for this product will be as follows;Current marketing situation: Flavoured milk also known as value added milk is being placed by British companies for different segments of the market. are increasingly targeting the value-added milk for growth opportunities as they re-align their businesses and move away from commodity products. Current competing cost/profit ratio: In view of the stiff competition and presence of big players in the market place, the cost/profit ratio is likely to remain high with higher cost inputs and lower returns. We cannot put a higher price tag to recover all the costs involved.Opportunity and issue analysis: So far in particular the flavoured milk market has managed to compete as some sectors of the milk and cream market still suffer from a lack of innovation and marketing support. Healthy eating trends are having an impact on the market which has started favouring semi-skimmed and skimmed milk.Entry/exit barriers: White milk accounts for 96% of the market share. Well established branded products are also in the market. ... Flavoured milk is facing increased competion in the chilled segment from functional yogurt drink. Benefiting from current Milk campaign: An increased awareness amongst the consumers about the benefits of flavoured milk. Objectives: To create a niche for itself in the existing market and mainly amongst the targeted segment. Money Goals: To start with the company is ready to bear some losses for the initial period but the efforts will continue with renewed vigour for attaining the breakeven point as soon as possible. Sales goals: In the first year of operation, company can target to lure away at least 2-3% of the existing market. The company will try to gain as many new customers as possible. Profit goals: Company is not looking for profits from the word go. It plans to go ahead with a longer perspective. But at the same time it is worth pondering that business needs to payback to financers, investors, employees and other stakeholders. Market Goals: The market will be 6-12 yrs old kids. That means we'll have to target the schools, schools administrators and other faculty so that they inform the students about the arrival of a new quality flavoured milk in the market. Market Share: Since we are a new entrant, that means we'll have to be realistic in our approach. We must understand that we'll be able to create the marketing space for our product only when we take good care of the consumer needs and quality. Consumer loyalty: Let us not expect the tiny tots to be our loyal consumers overnight, as they are the one's who are very difficult to divert enblock towards a new product. Their consumption pattern will be affected with the influence of their parents and teachers. Marketing communication and promotional strategies are

Federalists vs Democrats 18th Century Essay Example for Free

Federalists vs Democrats 18th Century Essay Throughout the 1790s the birth of American political parties emerged. Many of Americas founding fathers hated the idea of political parties because they represented political parties came about because of the difference in opinions among the population. The newborn constitution brought about issues such as north and south, rich and poor, and agriculture vs. industries that would revolutionize the way people in America thought, and their beliefs, thus giving birth to political parties. The political parties were divided as follows. There was Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and his followers who believed in a strong central government that would support their interests in commerce and industry. Amongst the Federalists supporters were some of the most influential men of the time, including: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and John Jay. These men had great opposition to the constitution and wrote about them in their Federalist Papers and were read all across the nation. The Federalists wanted to solve the issues of the nation themselves. Thomas Jefferson was categorized as a Democratic-Republican. The Republicans believed in a decentralized agrarian republic in which federal government had limited powers. The two parties struggled against each other heavily in the beginning. After the ratification of Jays Treaty in 1794, providing a somewhat sugar-coated commercial relationship, awoke differing opinions between the Federalists and the Republicans. In one corner stood John Adams, federalist, supporting the ratification of Jays Treaty because it avoided war and continued trade. On the other side there was Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, who believed the treaty left doors open for the British to continue abuses of power such as impressment. For a long time, opposing political parties consumed what was the media of the era and created an opinion among the people. Although with its great efforts and philosophers, the Federalist party soon seized to exist, and for years the Democratic-Republicans regulated what is the United States.

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media Essay

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media Essay Introduction American cartoons comprise the most popular film product industry for children worldwide, and have gained considerable attention in terms of educating children. As an excellent medium for storytelling, children learn the basic concepts of what the world is like and what love and ethics are from the fairy tales they watch. I am currently studying one of the communication theories, namely, cultivation theory. American cartoons, particularly Disney movies, are classic objects of study. The cultivation theory developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania states that the more time people spend living in the television world, the more likely they are to believe the social reality portrayed on television. Therefore, heavy television viewers have a higher estimation for a particular social reality (e.g., violence, prostitution, affluence, occupation, and marital discord) than what real-world phenomena can justify. Thus, to make the theory applicable to the real world, the study emphasizes the harm that television shows might bring to people. In my opinion, early education is essential to the development of an individuals personality; it also determines his/her later ideology. Thus, the effects of cartoons on childrens self development are worth studying. American cartoons and animation movies have benefits, particularly in teaching children the values of honesty, bravery, and friendship, and the fact that justice and good will triumph over evil. However, we can also see that the protagonists often use violence to defeat evil. Along with violence, gender problems and religious issues also show up in most films more than we think, and children learn about them without guidance. Children could easily confuse reality and fantasy, particularly in our current society where parents who are busy with work and socializing use video games and television shows as substitute companions for their children. In a nutshell, studying American cartoons is crucial for us because they may drastically affect childrens upbringing by presenting negative messages. The cultivation theory deeply focuses on the effects of violence on the behavior of people. In this paper, I will analyze the issue of racial discrimination in cartoons to make the study of the cultivation theory more complete. Discrimination is another essential topic that has been largely neglected due to the focus on violence in cartoons. Literature Review Dixon (2006) believes that heavy viewers of television are more likely to think that an African-American suspect is guilty; they also view the world as a more dangerous place than it actually is. Television encourages violence and aggression. Durkin (1985) supports the view that children obtain information on gender roles and racial views from television and model their behaviors based on television characterization. Gerbner describe the process of blurring, blending, and bending that is experienced by individuals with heavy viewing habits. (Griffin, 2011). Heavy television viewers create a common outlook through constant exposure to the same images and labels. In movies, the heroes and the victims are always fair-skinned, whereas the criminals or villains are always black- or dark-skinned. Mastro and Stern (2003) add that races other than whites are under-represented, negatively depicted, and are often targets of mockery. From Larsons theory, the more children watch television programs, the more likely they are to develop and entertain more traditional gender and racial stereotypes based on what they view in the media (Larson, 2002). Waver (2011) analyzes racial related-phenomena in American movies and finds that the race of the actors clearly affects the desires of white audience members to see the films. The higher the percentage of black actors in the movie, the less interested white individuals were in seeing the movie.   Analysis Most Disney movies feature gorgeous princesses, including The Little Mermaid, Snow White, and Rapunzel, who are all depicted as Caucasians. The princess in the film The Princess and the Frog was dark-skinned but her prince was a white man. Most heroes in these movies are all fair-skinned, but the skin tones of the villains are diverse. In the movies, the storylines usually start with a white man who breaks into a new cultural environment, changes the locals points of view and customs, and leads them defeat the bad guy, after which he becomes the hero. Tarzan even became king of the forest. This stereotype exists in numerous American movies. According to the cultivation theory, children may subconsciously develop behavioral stereotypes, although what they view could be biased, distorted or misleading (Oliver, 2001 , Smith, 1994). American cartoon movies also add their own value to foreign cultures, which may adversely affect childrens knowledge of the actual status of other nations. For instance, the song of the Disney movie Aladdin (1992) used inappropriate words to describe the hometown of Aladdin. In the song, the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where they cut off your ear if they dont like your face. Its barbaric, but hey, its home offended the Arab Americans, who believed that the lyrics are a misrepresentation of the Arab culture and should be removed. In 1993, the New York Times published a critique of the said movie, which was entitled It is racism, but hey, its Disney. The article pointed out that To characterize an entire region with this sort of tongue-in-cheek bigotry, especially in a movie aimed at children, borders on barbaric (New York Times, 1993). Another Disney movie, Mulan, twisted certain facts of the Chinese culture. In the movie, Mulan was characterized as an independent, liberal woman who suggeste d to that the princesses chase love bravely. Although this is an accepted idea in modern society and could be deemed proper by most people, it is not the real ideology in ancient China; it is not part true history and real tradition. In another animation movie, Pocahontas, the love story was exaggerated and deviated from what actually occurred in history. The contents of some American cartoons are more suited to adults. For instance, the show South Park features sarcasm, dirty words, and improper content that could easily be misunderstood by children. In an episode in the 11th season of the show With Apologies to Jesse Jackson, the word nigger was used 43 times. Although the purpose of this episode was not to humiliate black people, as the episode was in fact highly accepted by blacks, children may misconstrue the purpose of this cartoon and learn a new word that they could abuse. Another Disney movie entitled Song of the South featured a song called Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah, which won the Oscar for Original Score in 1946. However, the movie had racist tendencies when viewed from the criterion of today. The story takes place in the South after the Civil War, and Uncle Remus, a freed slave, tells stories to children and makes them laugh. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. viewed the portrayal of the happy life as a slave with suspicion and posited that it is humiliating to minorities. Disney did not publish the DVD in the United States to avoid eliciting resentment from the public. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Griffin (2000) describes the effects that media can have on the audience as being similar to a cue ball. The effect of the cue ball exists regardless of the distance of the cue ball to the other balls. A similar effect can be seen in the posters of most movies, where the characters outlook is already published before the audience even sees the movie. For instance, in the movie Aladdin, the skin tones of Aladdin and Jasmine are fairer than those of the other people in the movie, and Jafars appearance could already give a general impression of his villainy even before the movie is viewed. Fair skin can thus be mistakenly connected to purity and kindness, whereas black or dark skin could be associated with criminality and craftiness. The problem is not limited to movies alone. The audience has its own personal interest, which causes the racial issue in movies to become an infinite loop. According to the study by Weaver in 2011, white people are more inclined to choose movies with white cast members than movies with cast members from other races, thereby decreasing opportunities for white children to see more movies from different aspects, as well as the opportunities for them to change their stereotypes. White audience members that practice selective avoidance if they perceive that a film has a black theme is precisely the concern that black actors such as Will Smith have expressed, especially when it comes to romantic leads in movies (Jones, 2005). Last year, only two of the 30 highest grossing films featured major non-white characters. According to the cultivation theory, when audience members repeatedly view the same scenario from various television shows and movies, they will associate it with the outside world in their mind. Racism is a phenomenon that cannot be completely eliminated, particularly in a country with so many ethnicities, such as the United States. The high rate of positive roles that white people portray indicates the constancy of racism in the future. Conclusion Children from all over the world watch Disney and other American cartoons. Thus, these movies and shows have far-reaching effects. Growing up exposed to many classic and fantastic stories have kept children well entertained and educated, as they come to appreciate the stories being told and the excellent techniques and artwork used in the telling. The positive influences that these movies have on children are undeniably more immense than the negative influences, as they teach children to be independent, tough, and patriotic. Advocating liberty, human rights, and American ideology is necessary for a nation to unite and educate people. However, praising American culture while criticizing others is not respectful. Racism is not a concept that children should learn. We can strengthen their idea of equality by using the cultivation theory, which could result in a decrease in conflicts between races, genders, and other issues. As embodied in the cultivation theory, when television predominates the lives of children, its influence can permeate the behavior, language, thoughts, and actions of children. Moreover, negative messages tend to be received more easily than positive messages. Thus, the effects of media on children should be studied, and possible modifications should be introduced. Recent American cartoons already manifest some changes. For instance, the main character in the movie Megamind has blue skin, and the classic image of the superhero is the one being mocked. An upcoming movie entitled Escape From Planet Earth will feature stories of several blue characters. Guidance from parents is also essential in eliminating or mitigating the influence of cultivation effect on children. A childs knowledge of the world and his ability to tell right from wrong are not yet mature, so parents can help their children understand what is on screen by explaining the contents of television shows to them. The movie rating system should be used worldwide. The cultivation theory also clearly posits that the cultivation effect occurs only after long-term, cumulative exposure to television (Weimann2000). Thus, decreasing the amount of time children spend watching television is also necessary.

Verbal Image Translation Analysis Based Upon Ian Flemings From Russia With Love :: essays research papers

This paper deals with the problem of verbal image translation from SL ( English ) into TL ( Ukrainian ). The research is based on comparison of the original [ 1; 337p. ] and Ukrainian translation [ 2; 190p. ] of Ian Fleming’s â€Å" James Bond : From Russia With Love† A few words should be mentioned about the author and his book . Ian Fleming ( 1908 – 1964 ) was a great journalist and detective stories writer . In 1931 he joined Reuters news agency, and during the World War 2 he was a personal assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence at the admiralty, rising to the rank of commander . At this time he acquired the first-hand knowledge of secret operations . He started his first James Bond novel â€Å" Casino Royale† at the age of 44 , by which time he became the foreign manager of Kemsley Newspapers . He wrote it in the Golden Eye , the house he had built in Jamaica . James Bond has won Ian Fleming the world fame , being the greatest British fictional icon of the late 20-th c. The book is about a British secret agent James Bond , on whom every major foreign government has a file, and whom the Russia’s deadly SMERSH organisation has targeted for elimination – they have the perfect bait in the irresistible Tatiana Romanova . Her mission is to lure Bond to Istanbul and seduce him, while her superiors handle the rest . Bond walks into the trap – but he is always the one to win . The language of this detective story is mostly unexpressive, unemotional, and the stylistic devices ( SD ) that the author uses are typical of the genre : the lyrical images are absent, most of the SDs are used as the means serving to create the picture of the cold, ruthless world of constantly alternating death and fight for survival . Artistic images mostly are stylistically neutral , as no or little expressiveness or emotional colouring is present in them . The same concerns the idioms and phraseologisms ( of which the verbal image is the basic constituting element [ 3 ; 28 ] ) occuring infrequently . The translated work of art is percepted as the artistic one only provided that it corresponds to artistic and stylistic tradition of the TL [ 3; 28 ] .

Microtia

Microtia Introduction Microtia is a congenital deformity in which the pinna is very small and underdeveloped. This abnormality can be unilateral, affecting only one ear, or bilateral, affecting both ears. Unilateral microtia is most common, in which the right ear is affected more frequently than the left ear. A genetic disturbance results in microtia of the pinna. Many cases of microtia are categorized as idiopathic or of an unknown etiology. Occurring in 1 to 5,000-20,000 births, this deformity is more frequently seen in males. Fuller, Pimentel & Peregoy, 2011, 330). Microtia causes varying degrees of hearing loss and major cosmetic problems. Population In a study essay writer canada, â€Å"Melnick and Myranthopoulos reviewed auricular deformities and associated anomalies in a series of 56,000 pregnancies in an ethnically diverse population (Caucasian 46%, African American 46%, Latino 8%), commenting on the incidence of anomalies and the embryogenesis and etiopathology of the varyi ng deformities† (Lin, 2011). They found that microtia occurred in every 3 in 10,000 births.Microtia occurs in 1 per 900 to 1200 Navjo children and 1 in 4000 Japanese births (Fuller, Pimentel & Peregoy, 2011, 330). Time of Onset Microtia is a congenital deformity, meaning that it is present at birth. Receiving genes from both parents during development, microtia results from a defective gene in the early development stage of ear development. Since microtia occurs in utero, there is no easy fix for this abnormality until the child is ready for surgery to recreate the outer ear. Etiology Hereditary factors and vascular accidents in utero are both factors in the etiology of microtia.Familial patterns are reminiscent that microtia is a result of multifactoral inheritance, including maternal rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy. Microtia occurs when there is a problem with the development of the ear when a baby is still an embryo. Occasionally occurring due to an inherite d fault, microtia more often occurs unexpectedly with no family history. Symptoms â€Å"Micro† means small and â€Å"otia† means ea, so therefore, Microtia means having an irregularly small ear. Microtia is a deformity, resulting in a reduced size of the ear.There are a variety of severity levels that occur within the pathology microtia. At times a bump of tissue is present in the location of where an ear would normally be found. In other cases, parts of the ear may be partially formed, just smaller than normal. There are four grades of microtia. Grade I is classified by a slightly small ear and a small but present external ear canal. Grade II has a partial external ear canal producing a conductive hearing loss. Grade III microtia, the most common, results with an absence of the external ear and an absence of the external ear canal and ear drum.Grade IV has a total absence of the ear, referred to as anotia. (Coping, 2010) Hearing Loss With microtia, it would seem that a child would be unable to hear, however, in most cases, there is only a slight reduction of hearing. Microtia causes more of a cosmetic obscurity for many that are faced with this pathology. There is often times only a slight loss of hearing because we hear through both bony conduction, where sound travels through the skin and the bones of the skull and into the inner ear, and air conduction, in which the sound must travel down the ear canal and middle ear to reach the tympanic membrane.Microtia effects air conduction the most, for the ear canal is smaller than normal, making it harder for sounds to travel through to the eardrum. Treatment Options Although the outside of the ear contributes little to hearing, it does have several important cosmetic functions, such as supporting the wearing of eye glasses. Reconstructive surgery is offered to those who are born with microtia to help reconstruct ears. Multiple operations are needed to perform this reconstruction, done usually in thre e to four stages. Artificial ears may also be used. Furthermore, there are surgeries that can be performed to improve hearing.This kind of surgery involves drilling out the ear canal. This is usually a procedure used mainly for bilateral microtia patients. Works Cited Coping with and curing microtia. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. robertrudermd. com/microtia. html Fuller, D. R. , Pimentel, J. T. , & Peregoy, B. M. (2011). Applied antatomy & physiology for speech-language pathology & audiology. (p. 330). Lin, S. J. (2011, July 22). Microtia. Retrieved from http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/1290083-overview Luguetti, D. (2011, November 21). Microtia: Epidemiology and genetics. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/22106030

Does Gatsby love Daisy Essay

Does Gatsby love Daisy or the aura of wealth that she owns? The Great Gatsby is F. Scott Fitzgerald’s masterpiece about various themes such as class, love and wealth. One of the themes highlighted is romantic affair between two main characters: Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby is clearly obsessed with Daisy, however, it is doubtful that those strong feeling is a proof of love. This essay advocates that Gatsby does not love Daisy but the wealth she symbolizes. Firstly, wealth is the origin of Gatsby’s obsession with Daisy. Gatsby believes he is â€Å"the son of God† (Fitzgerald 105) and struggles to civilize himself into a wealthy man. When he is a poor soldier, he meets Daisy, â€Å"the first ‘nice’ girl† he has never met (Fitzgerald 158). Throughout the story, it is found that she is ‘nice’ because she is â€Å"the golden girl† with the voice â€Å"full of money† (Fitzgerald 128). Gatsby equates Daisy with luxurious things around her (1) and â€Å"[is] overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor† (Fitzgerald 160). He is attracted by her beauty but that beauty is also a gift of richness. From the beginning, the trigger of his love for Daisy is merely his worship of Daisy’s wealthy life. Moreover, Gatsby nurtures Daisy’s love for him by showering it only with his wealth and success. He throws lots of big parties to attract Daisy’s attention. Additionally, after five years being separated from Daisy, what Gatsby worries about when he meets her is not whether she misses him but whether his mansion looks well and the first place he wants her to visit is his splendid house (2). He keeps showing off his belongings and asking Daisy to check whether she is impressed. When â€Å"he [revalues] everything in his house according to the measure of response it [draws] from her well-loved eyes† (Fitzgerald 98), it is clear that Daisy’s recognition of his achievements concerns him the most and Gatsby overestimates the importance of material passion in his relationship with Daisy. In the end of the story, when Gatsby is willing to scarify his life-work and fame to save Daisy from being a murderer, this event is argued to be an evidence of love. However, as he desires her in the same way he is in pursuit of the glory of success and Daisy is only a supreme object helping him to strengthen his achievements, the act of protecting her is merely to protect the thing he longs for in his whole life. To conclude, passion Gatsby has with Daisy  cannot be called love. His emotional obsession with her results from his mental obsession with material life. Besides, in Gatsby’s belief, Daisy’s love is kept in existence by his giant property and what he does is just feed this love with money. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Ebook.

Memoirs of a Geisha Book and Movie Analysis Essay

I. Introduction Speaking to us with the wisdom of age and in a voice at once haunting and startlingly immediate, Nitta Sayuri tells the story of her life as a geisha. It begins in a poor fishing village in 1929, when, as a nine-year-old girl with unusual blue-gray eyes, she is taken from her home and sold into slavery to a renowned geisha house. We witness her transformation as she learns the rigorous arts of the geisha: dance and music; wearing kimono, elaborate makeup, and hair; pouring sake to reveal just a touch of inner wrist; competing with a jealous rival for men’s solicitude and the money that goes with it. In Memoirs of a Geisha, we enter a world where appearances are paramount; where a girl’s virginity is auctioned to the highest bidder; where women are trained to beguile the most powerful men; and where love is scorned as illusion. It is a unique and triumphant work of fiction—at once romantic, erotic, suspenseful—and completely unforgettable. II. Comparison and Contrast After reading a lot of positive critique about the novel, I bought a copy and read it eagerly the moment I took hold of it. I’ve seen the movie long before I read the book. It was the movie that captured my interest and based on my experience, the books are always better than the movie, except for The DaVinci Code which I think, doesn’t have any difference with the book, that’s why I decided that it is a must to read the novel. The characters were vividly described. I was carried away by the emotions of the characters especially Nitta Sayuri, who was at the beginning, known as Chiyo, the girl from a poor coastal town who was sold to an okiya to be trained to become a geisha. It was focused on how a geisha is trained, about the life of a geisha. I always felt myself controlling my emotions especially on trying sequences in the novel. I was controlling my emotions just how Sayuri did, the way a geisha should. The character of Hatsumomo, on the other hand, made me feel mixed emotions. I was angry because of her cruelty to a helpless child but I also pity her because she knows that this very young helpless girl can eat her alive if she will get proper training as a geisha. The first real kindness that she experienced from the â€Å"Chairman† touched her deeply and gave her hope, a sense of purpose which vanished totally after she failed to meet her older sister when they planned to runaway and go back to their home. The book showed me that geishas are not prostitutes. They are well-trained, professional entertainers and although they, most of the time, manipulate men’s emotion for their own welfare, they know where their stand and that those men’s money were reciprocated by services enough that they don’t mind spending them. Communities depended greatly on Geishas, not directly but through the income they get from how the Geisha’s business operates. The book made me understand how hard it is to be a Geisha, how a woman gives her virginity to the highest bidder and how loving does not have a space in a woman’s life if she really want to succeed in her career. The movie did not do much explaining as the book but it was good. It did not show how meticulous it is to tie an obi. I did not feel overwhelmed by the dance scene as I felt reading how it was described in the book. They also changed how Hatsumomo left. In the book, she got so angry on a client that she bit him and after that, she was kicked out of the okiya but in the movie, she burned their okiya. I think it was a major turning point and should not be changed. It was also mentioned in the book how it felt strange when Hatsumomo was not living there in their okiya anymore. It was a good chance to play at the emotions of the viewers. But there were good things about the movie such as perfect soundtrack which carried on the mood and emphasized the emotions felt in different scenes, the casting was perfect although I would have chosen a prettier Mameha, and the colors were vivid, and some scenes made me go through the same emotions again as when I read it in the book such as the distant romance between the Chairman and Sayuri. I would also like it better if it was shown in the movie how the Chairman became Sayuri’s danna and that the two of them moved to NYC and Sayuri decided to put up her own teahouse there. III. Reaction The movie is a great supplement for the book. It was good by itself but reading the book will make you understand more, not only about being a Geisha but the culture in China, the complexity of the difference in economic status, the traditions that remained well-kept, and the depth of the kind of relationship that Sayuri and the Chairman had. The characters were well presented in the books as well as the settings and scenes. I love reading and I don’t get easily bored with books but it is also rare that I feel heavy in the chest to just put a book down. â€Å"Memoirs of a Geisha† is one of my favorite novels and although the movie did not make it to my list, it is a must-see if you read the novel. It would be much better if you read the book first because the movie will just help you visualize although that would not be needed because everything was vividly described by Arthur Golden in the novel the same way Rob Marshall precisely recreated the scenes that preserved the novel’s beautiful tragedy.

International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

International Financial Management - Assignment Example Fluctuation of the exchange rates between the different currencies the firm transacts through has the potential of exposing the firm to financial losses. The major exposure risk the firm is likely to experience is the transaction risk that distorts the cash flows realized. This is due to the recent behavior of the US dollar against major international currencies. The US dollar has of recent been depreciating against Euro and pound currency. Thus, the cost of the purchases the firm makes using dollar has the potential of increasing when it is converted to Euros or pounds in determining the profit earned. Consequently, it is critical for the firm to undertake measures to manage the exchange rate risks to mitigate probable financial losses in future. Managing the exchange risk facing a firm engaged in cross-border trade requires the management to determine the exposure risks been faced, hedging strategies capable of mitigating the risk and the existing instruments that can be used to cushion the exchange risks. This is done by adopting hedging strategies that help in reducing or eliminating currency risks. A number of hedging options are available in managing the exposure risks the firm faces under it cross-border trade. One of the hedging methods that can be used in managing the exchange risk facing the firm is forward contract. Forward contract allows a firm to exchange foreign currencies at an agreed exchange rate in future (Levi, 2009). Consequently, SN can undertake a forward contract that will guarantee the exchange rate that will be used in exchanging the foreign currencies in future date. The pre-fixed exchange rate that will be used in converting the foreign or domestic currency will counter the exchange rate fluctuation since the firm will be shielded by the agreement from such exposure. This arrangement will allow the firm to convert the Euros or Pounds it is possessing to dollar

Analysis of Vast Fire Erupts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Vast Fire Erupts - Article Example The emergency resources used in this accident were the HAZMAT, law enforcement and fire and emergency medical services (EMS). This implies that the US government has instituted regulations regarding the transportation of oil resources across the country. As a result, the transporters ought to follow the guidelines to avoid the occurrence of similar accidents in the future. This is after the prevalence of train accidents in Canada and North America, in which 100-car train overturned, killing people (Kohl, 2015). The other resource in place for the accident was the EMS that was introduced to help the injured victims recuperate. These comprised of ambulances and health practitioners who set up emergency facilities to attend to the victims that had minor injuries. There were also local resources from the nearby towns that caught fire from the eruption. The local resources comprised of the first aiders and residents who came to assist in the management of the fire. The intangible factors that affected disaster response when the fire erupted included coordination with other entities, the scope of operations and time. The coordination between the profit and governmental agencies was slow because the incident took place at a random speed. This forced the coordinators to undertake hasty decisions in order to stop the spread of fire to other distant places. It is also apparent that the scope of operations was not easy to manage since the fire spread to the nearby towns (Kohl, 2015). Considering this, it was difficult to accommodate the fire since the casualty was all over the region. The firefighters and the first aiders could not come up with a timely response team with management the fire erupted. Time was also another intangible factor that affected disaster response since the fire spread at a high speed to the neighborhoods, injuring numerous residents.

GLOBALIZATION QUESTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GLOBALIZATION QUESTION - Essay Example Religious practices derive meaning and force from integration with cultural beliefs and practices. Across different denominations, religion derives its truth value from its dependence and connection with the cultural fabric. Religious truth is based on the ability of the underlying tradition to provide its followers with a predefined worldview over a long period of time. Moreover, the world view should have meaning, Lead to physical and spiritual integration, moral guidance, hope and faith in both the present and the future. Religions like Christianity, zoroasticism, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam claim absolute validity but it is expressed through different structures (Mary, 17). From history, most religions were recognized nationally and thus force followers to recognize its teachings for example, Islam in Arab countries. Religious truth is contradicted by the relative interpretations adopted to define situations and preferably make them fit into the speaker’s worldview. For in stance, in the early Greek philosophy, Socrates used truth as claptrap for the public orators through the use of conventional notions (Kluckhohn 6). The opposition between nature and convection hinders man from speaking out his mind but rather to conform to what the society believes in. The confusion leads to lack of a clear cut definition of what is considered as conventional and natural truth. According to Conze (153), naturally, all shameful things are evil like injustice is shunned by men and only slaves are meant to suffer injustice. In Buddhism teachings, common sense and spiritual truth are considered to be the two distinct categories of truth that exist. According to the doctrine, both truths coexist and are the basis of the Budhi religion (Bodhi 20) . Through several assertions, Christianity professes the existence of doctrinal truth. For instance, Jesus Christ is considered to be the truth in the doctrine through his words â€Å"I am the way and the truth and the life, no one comes to the father but through me’ (Stephen 45). In Hinduism, truth is part of the ten religious attributes of Dharma. Believers are required to be truthful and to speak only of what they have seen and understood. For example, in India, â€Å"Rishi†, truth, entails existence, truth of ones being, and truth of being God (Kluckhohn 367). In Judaism, in the old testament, truth is the word of God and followers believe that spiritual leaders are truthful and have power to deliver divine intervention. Despite the difference in religious symbols from one culture to another, they serve the same purpose of helping the society deal with issues that are beyond human control. However, the system is based on simple truths as defined by different societies. For example, Christianity and Buddhism shun laziness and encourage independence, courage, endurance, and desire to live for the good of everyone. In Christianity, a man’s divinity in his feelings is more important t han concepts because the desire to live up to the concepts causes contradiction in his or her character (Goody 97). Religion creates consciousness in individuals in how he should relate with others and use the lessons to sail through life’s tribulations positively. Religions are part of culture in different societie

Fashion and identity relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion and identity relation - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and identity relation" focuses on the identity relation and fashion. Modernism is a movement that rejects traditional style and the way of life and embracing a new form of life which no one truly understands yet as no one has explored it yet. Then the idea of post modernism, which has brought an enormous debate in the fashion world, comes in question. Modernism embraced uniqueness of an individual the autonomous nature of mankind while at the same time shunning tradition. Postmodernism rejected the autonomous individual believing that greatness is in communal power and action. Culture can be defined as the characteristic of a particular group. It could be in terms of language, fashion, cuisine, social habits, music, and many more. Culture can be obtained through individual or group striving. It defines human nature as it is what creates purpose in all the actions of the human being. Because of these there exist cultural difference created by the barriers or if clea rly stated the boarders of life. These barriers can be either local or international, but it is what creates the distance and the variation inhuman behaviour across the globe. The current world embraces post modernity whereby everything is changing at a rate almost unrecognisable. The result of this is competition without an end. The competition is in terms of gender, social identity, politics and the like all only to try and fit or find a place of comfort within the society. Fashion gives the perfect solution to this.

Introduction to comparative ethnic study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction to comparative ethnic study - Essay Example The main facet considered is the training of individuals from different backgrounds and enhancing their competency. There is a haggle on the ability of a particular group to break from the bonds of their racial notions. Individuals are yet to gauge the effect of eliminating the curricula from schools and its effects in the society. To be more specific, there is a question on whether the trained youths and their trainers would maintain and implement the content they have learned. Nonetheless, an undisputable fact has resulted showing that the youth learns faster band readily practice their gains than the aged. This means that the youth are ready to abandon the race and gender biases that had been prioritized previously. There is a particular age considered critical and in which people are allowed by the constitution to make autonomous decisions such as voting and defending their land. The main focus should be on one’s ability to make substantial decisions without dangers in their impacts. Then it would be logical to understand that that the courageous conversations involved in the curriculum might be responsible for higher extent emotions that might be detrimental or accompany surprising responses but this does not mean they should be eliminated. Greenberg, Jon. Op-ed: Removing Courageous Conversations from Center School’s race and gender course is outrageous. The Seattle Times. March 12, 2013. Retrieved on April 17th 2013 from

Managerial Communications Essay Example for Free

Managerial Communications Essay Hynes introduces a calculated approach to managerial communication by dissecting it into three separate, yet mutually dependent functions. Hynes believes that with these approaches, management and employees alike can learn to adapt to one another to create an effective work force. The first layer is based on the idea that an employer and his employees can create a positive work atmosphere with the communication climate they set with one another. If a manager and his employees have an open and trusting relationship, it makes communications much easier for the both of them, regardless of their status. By allowing employees to contribute their thoughts and opinions without the fear of backlash, managers will see better job performance within their workers. Employers can often create an open communication climate through regular team building meetings and workshops. Communication climate also challenges managers to do their part by listening to their employees’ feedback. In order for effective communication to occur, an employee should feel comfortable in their work atmosphere and fully believe that their manager will take their words into deep consideration. Founder and President of Pillar Consulting LLC , Joelle K. Jay, PhD states, â€Å"On a personal level, people feel acknowledged when others validate their feelings. Managers who ignore feelings can create distance between themselves and their employees, eroding the relationship and ultimately affecting the working environment (Jay, â€Å"Communicate Well: Five Strategies To Enhance Your Managerial Communication Skills†). † From that statement, managers must also learn the boundaries within successful communication. In Hynes’ text, he also states that, â€Å"a positive climate is fragile†¦after only one or two critical errors, a positive environment can quickly change to one of distrust and closed communication, making future communication more difficult† (28). Managers must also learn to face the challenges of workers who become too comfortable in their environment. For example, Manager A and his Employee B, may have a friendly and casual relationship—one in which they may feel so comfortable that they talk about their personal and/or family business with one another. This is good in the sense that Employee B learns to trust Manager A and feels he can chat comfortably about his feelings toward his job. Now, if Employee A begins to feel so comfortable that Manager A is finding consistent errors within Employee B’s work, it is only right for Manager A to step in and confront him about the matter. Depending upon the choice of words used by Manager A and how Employee B feels about the situation, it can change the communication climate. One bad meeting can leave Employee B feeling angry with Manager A. He may no longer wish to have such a friendly demeanor towards him in the future. This can cause a strain on their communication with each other in the future. Another way to open a communication climate is through organizational culture. In an age of such advanced technology, many businesses no longer feel the need to speak to a person directly, either face-to-face or over the phone. The use of email has become a strong tool in business as it allows users to speak to each other without having to schedule a set time for both parties to meet only to say a few words. From the previous example, Manager A may be in a business that is highly dependent on email to speak to his employees in order to give clear, direct orders. Employee B may have previously come from an organization where meeting face-to-face was the ideal way to speak to anyone—management or employees alike. If Manager A decided it would be easier to email Employee B of the mistakes that he’s been making, Employee B may take that as a sign of disrespect. Employee B may not understand the tone that Manager A is reflecting in the email, leaving Employee B with the notion that Manager A couldn’t take time out of his schedule to speak with him directly. Their different perspectives of organizational culture could cause their gap in communication to widen tremendously. Organizational culture can help managers to better understand Hynes’ second layer in his approach to strategic communication. As the sender, Manager A’s personal characteristics can greatly affect the way he communicates with his employees. Before speaking with Employee B about his mistakes, Manager A must first reflect on what he will say to Employee B and how he will say it to him. Efficient communication can be the determining factor for communications in the future. While an employee only has to adjust his communication for his manager, a manager will need to find a way to relay his message to each employee in the most comfortable and appropriate manner they deem fit. The manager must constantly adjust this speech for each person that he meets with to ensure a satisfactory outcome. Though employees must mainly focus on how to communicate with management, there are various factors they must also take into consideration. How an employee takes in what an authority figure is saying to them greatly depends on their closeness with management, how they feel about the subject, concern for the subject, their current mindset, and their differences in position. As a receiver, an employee can choose how to accept a message being given to them by their employer. In the previous example between Manager A and Employee B, it was said that Manager A would have to speak with Employee B about the mistakes he’s been making in his work. Since both parties already have a close relationship, Employee B will be more open to hearing what Manager A has to say. Employee B may have had a bad morning and doesn’t want to talk to anyone, let alone hear what Manager A has to say about his errors. By having a platonic relationship with his employee, Manager A is at an advantage because Employee B will respect him for their friendship. Employee B will be more willing to take Manager A’s words into consideration and change his future actions. Managers must also be mindful of the language they use when speaking with their employees. If they are knowingly using jargon that their employee will not understand, communicating properly will be a difficult task. Not all conversations between employers and employees are ones that criticize their work. Before speaking to their employees, whether in a group setting or a one-on-one conference, a manager must first carefully examine the topic. He must verify that the subject matter would be something that is beneficial to the work force, or something that is unnecessary to building the work morale. In Hynes’ third layer, it is learned that in order to measure how successful a communication approach is, managers must also consider how to get their message across to their employees. As stated before, Manager A may want to email Employee B on the subject of his work. Before doing so, Manager A must fully analyze the words he will be saying to Employee B and recognize if the matter is something that may be better said in person. Also, in Employee B’s organizational culture, he may not be acclimated to receiving the critique of his work in writing. By speaking to Employee B personally, Manager A has the chance to show him that he respects him by meeting him face-to-face. To ensure a message is clearly stated to employees, managers must also take the necessary steps to find a comfortable place and time for them to meet. If the place of employment is one that deals with much noise such as a construction site, managers should take his directed employees to a comfortable place away from many outside distractions. Managers must also consider the amount of time it may take to speak to his workers. On a construction site, more time wasted can also lead to more money wasted. Managers must carefully plan their speech in an amount of time that does not interfere with the actual workload. By using these tactics laid out by Geraldine E. Hynes, managers can begin to set up their own communication strategies to ensure future success. Managers can compare and use these strategies as a baseline to communicating efficiently.